Station Overview Station Location
Station Number UT-CH-3 Latitude 41.730508
Station Name Logan 1.7 ESE Longitude -111.804616
County Cache Elevation (ft) 4805



Month 30 Yr Avg by PRISM Total Prcp Sum Days Covered By All Observations Daily Prcp Sum Daily Observation Count Multiday Prcp Sum Days Covered by Multiday Observations Multiday Observation Count Days With Prcp Days With Trace Total Snowfall Days With Snowfall Days With Snow On Ground
Oct 15 1.99 1.02 31 1.02 31 0.00 0 0 11 1 0.0 0 0
Nov 15 1.60 1.45 30 1.24 27 0.21 3 1 6 0 3.4 2 2
Dec 15 1.74 3.33 31 3.33 31 0.00 0 0 11 2 14.9 5 4
Jan 16 1.64 2.93 32 2.62 27 0.31 5 2 9 0 15.0 5 1
Feb 16 1.62 0.43 4 0.02 1 0.41 3 1 1 0 0.0 0 0
March 16 2.06 3.91 9 2.85 7 1.06 2 1 7 0 5.3 1 0
April 16 2.10 2.72 29 2.72 29 0.00 0 0 10 0 0.0 0 0
May 16 2.46 3.14 21 2.60 18 0.54 3 1 9 0 0.0 0 0
June 16 1.39 0.09 1 0.09 1 0.00 0 0 1 0 0.0 0 0
July 16 0.82 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
Aug 16 0.81 0.02 1 0.02 1 0.00 0 0 1 0 0.0 0 0
Sept 16 1.53 4.77 7 4.77 7 0.00 0 0 7 0 0.0 0 0
Water Year Totals: 19.76" 23.81" 196 days 21.28" 180 2.53" 16 days 6 73 days 3 days 38.6" 13 days 7 days



Days in Water Year Cell Color Key
        Daily Observation with Prcp         Missing Day
        Multiday Observation         Daily/Multiday Observation Conflict

Day of Year Daily Prcp Multiday Prcp
10/1/2015 0.00
10/2/2015 0.12
10/3/2015 0.16
10/4/2015 0.15
10/5/2015 0.04
10/6/2015 0.05
10/7/2015 0.02
10/8/2015 0.00
10/9/2015 0.00
10/10/2015 0.00
10/11/2015 0.00
10/12/2015 0.00
10/13/2015 0.00
10/14/2015 0.00
10/15/2015 0.00
10/16/2015 0.00
10/17/2015 0.00
10/18/2015 0.14
10/19/2015 0.10
10/20/2015 0.07
10/21/2015 T
10/22/2015 0.00
10/23/2015 0.07
10/24/2015 0.00
10/25/2015 0.00
10/26/2015 0.00
10/27/2015 0.00
10/28/2015 0.00
10/29/2015 0.00
10/30/2015 0.00
10/31/2015 0.10
11/1/2015 0.00
11/2/2015 0.16
11/3/2015 0.00
11/4/2015 0.27
11/5/2015 0.02
11/6/2015 0.00
11/7/2015 0.00
11/8/2015 0.00
11/9/2015 0.00
11/10/2015 0.41
11/11/2015 0.00
11/12/2015 0.00
11/13/2015 0.00
11/14/2015 0.00
11/15/2015 0.00
11/16/2015 0.00
11/17/2015 0.00
11/18/2015 0.00
11/19/2015 0.00
11/20/2015 0.07
11/21/2015 0.00
11/22/2015 0.00
11/23/2015 0.00
11/24/2015 0.00
11/25/2015 0.00
11/26/2015 0.31
11/27/2015 0.00
11/28/2015 **
11/29/2015 **
11/30/2015 0.21
12/1/2015 0.00
12/2/2015 0.00
12/3/2015 0.00
12/4/2015 0.00
12/5/2015 0.00
12/6/2015 0.00
12/7/2015 0.00
12/8/2015 0.13
12/9/2015 0.00
12/10/2015 0.00
12/11/2015 0.39
12/12/2015 0.00
12/13/2015 0.00
12/14/2015 0.30
12/15/2015 1.02
12/16/2015 T
12/17/2015 0.03
12/18/2015 0.00
12/19/2015 0.00
12/20/2015 0.07
12/21/2015 0.14
12/22/2015 0.97
12/23/2015 0.24
12/24/2015 0.00
12/25/2015 0.00
12/26/2015 0.00
12/27/2015 0.00
12/28/2015 0.00
12/29/2015 T
12/30/2015 0.02
12/31/2015 0.02
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
1/1/2016 0.00
1/2/2016 0.00
1/3/2016 0.00
1/4/2016 0.00
1/5/2016 0.00
1/6/2016 0.00
1/7/2016 0.20
1/8/2016 0.00
1/9/2016 0.00
1/10/2016 0.00
1/11/2016 0.00
1/12/2016 0.00
1/13/2016 0.00
1/14/2016 0.02
1/15/2016 0.12
1/16/2016 **
1/17/2016 **
1/18/2016 **
1/19/2016 0.11
1/20/2016 0.30
1/21/2016 0.00
1/22/2016 0.00
1/23/2016 0.00
1/24/2016 0.30
1/25/2016 0.05
1/26/2016 0.00
1/27/2016 0.00
1/28/2016 0.00
1/29/2016 0.17
1/30/2016 1.26
1/31/2016 0.20
2/1/2016
2/2/2016
2/3/2016
2/4/2016
2/5/2016
2/6/2016
2/7/2016
2/8/2016
2/9/2016
2/10/2016
2/11/2016
2/12/2016
2/13/2016 **
2/14/2016 **
2/15/2016 0.41
2/16/2016 0.02
2/17/2016
2/18/2016
2/19/2016
2/20/2016
2/21/2016
2/22/2016
2/23/2016
2/24/2016
2/25/2016
2/26/2016
2/27/2016
2/28/2016
2/29/2016
3/1/2016
3/2/2016
3/3/2016
3/4/2016
3/5/2016
3/6/2016
3/7/2016 0.90
3/8/2016
3/9/2016
3/10/2016
3/11/2016
3/12/2016
3/13/2016
3/14/2016 0.25
3/15/2016 0.35
3/16/2016
3/17/2016 0.19
3/18/2016
3/19/2016
3/20/2016
3/21/2016
3/22/2016 0.40
3/23/2016 0.09
3/24/2016
3/25/2016
3/26/2016
3/27/2016
3/28/2016 0.67
3/29/2016 **
3/30/2016 1.06
3/31/2016
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
4/1/2016 0.21
4/2/2016 0.00
4/3/2016 0.00
4/4/2016 0.00
4/5/2016 0.00
4/6/2016 0.00
4/7/2016 0.00
4/8/2016 0.00
4/9/2016 0.00
4/10/2016 0.09
4/11/2016 0.17
4/12/2016
4/13/2016 0.03
4/14/2016 0.45
4/15/2016 1.10
4/16/2016 0.00
4/17/2016 0.00
4/18/2016 0.00
4/19/2016 0.00
4/20/2016 0.00
4/21/2016 0.00
4/22/2016 0.00
4/23/2016 0.08
4/24/2016 0.36
4/25/2016 0.00
4/26/2016 0.14
4/27/2016 0.00
4/28/2016 0.09
4/29/2016 0.00
4/30/2016 0.00
5/1/2016 0.00
5/2/2016 0.00
5/3/2016 0.00
5/4/2016 0.00
5/5/2016 0.00
5/6/2016 **
5/7/2016 **
5/8/2016 0.54
5/9/2016 0.00
5/10/2016 0.00
5/11/2016 0.53
5/12/2016 0.00
5/13/2016 0.00
5/14/2016
5/15/2016 0.07
5/16/2016 0.25
5/17/2016 0.03
5/18/2016
5/19/2016
5/20/2016 0.85
5/21/2016
5/22/2016 0.68
5/23/2016 0.09
5/24/2016 0.02
5/25/2016
5/26/2016
5/27/2016
5/28/2016 0.08
5/29/2016
5/30/2016
5/31/2016
6/1/2016
6/2/2016
6/3/2016
6/4/2016
6/5/2016
6/6/2016
6/7/2016
6/8/2016
6/9/2016
6/10/2016
6/11/2016
6/12/2016
6/13/2016
6/14/2016
6/15/2016
6/16/2016
6/17/2016
6/18/2016
6/19/2016
6/20/2016
6/21/2016
6/22/2016
6/23/2016
6/24/2016
6/25/2016
6/26/2016
6/27/2016
6/28/2016
6/29/2016
6/30/2016 0.09
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
7/1/2016
7/2/2016
7/3/2016
7/4/2016
7/5/2016
7/6/2016
7/7/2016
7/8/2016
7/9/2016
7/10/2016
7/11/2016
7/12/2016
7/13/2016
7/14/2016
7/15/2016
7/16/2016
7/17/2016
7/18/2016
7/19/2016
7/20/2016
7/21/2016
7/22/2016
7/23/2016
7/24/2016
7/25/2016
7/26/2016
7/27/2016
7/28/2016
7/29/2016
7/30/2016
7/31/2016
8/1/2016
8/2/2016
8/3/2016
8/4/2016
8/5/2016
8/6/2016
8/7/2016
8/8/2016
8/9/2016
8/10/2016
8/11/2016 0.02
8/12/2016
8/13/2016
8/14/2016
8/15/2016
8/16/2016
8/17/2016
8/18/2016
8/19/2016
8/20/2016
8/21/2016
8/22/2016
8/23/2016
8/24/2016
8/25/2016
8/26/2016
8/27/2016
8/28/2016
8/29/2016
8/30/2016
8/31/2016
9/1/2016
9/2/2016
9/3/2016
9/4/2016
9/5/2016
9/6/2016
9/7/2016
9/8/2016
9/9/2016
9/10/2016
9/11/2016
9/12/2016
9/13/2016 0.22
9/14/2016 0.33
9/15/2016 0.12
9/16/2016
9/17/2016
9/18/2016
9/19/2016
9/20/2016
9/21/2016
9/22/2016 1.15
9/23/2016 1.39
9/24/2016 1.54
9/25/2016
9/26/2016
9/27/2016
9/28/2016
9/29/2016
9/30/2016 0.02



Observation Date Observation Time Precipitation Snowfall Snowfall SWE Snow Depth Snow SWE Notes
10/1/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/2/2015 6:13 AM 0.12 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
10/3/2015 7:30 AM 0.16 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
10/4/2015 7:36 AM 0.15 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
10/5/2015 6:20 AM 0.04 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
10/6/2015 6:13 AM 0.05 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
10/7/2015 6:45 AM 0.02 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
10/8/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/9/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/10/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/11/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/12/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/13/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/14/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/15/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/16/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/17/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/18/2015 7:40 AM 0.14 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
10/19/2015 6:15 AM 0.10 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
10/20/2015 6:21 AM 0.07 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
10/21/2015 7:00 AM T M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
10/22/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/23/2015 5:48 AM 0.07 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
10/24/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/25/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/26/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/27/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/28/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/29/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/30/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/31/2015 7:32 AM 0.10 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
11/1/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/2/2015 6:22 AM 0.16 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
11/3/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/4/2015 6:12 AM 0.27 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
11/5/2015 6:45 AM 0.02 M M M M Trace of snow beginning at this time. Time to take the funnel out of the collector.
11/6/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/7/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/8/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/9/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/10/2015 6:10 AM 0.41 1.7 0.41 1.7 0.41 Snow!
11/11/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/12/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/13/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/14/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/15/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/16/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/17/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/18/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/19/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/20/2015 8:31 AM 0.07 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
11/21/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/22/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/23/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/24/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/25/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/26/2015 7:00 AM 0.31 1.7 0.31 1.7 M WINDY!
11/27/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/1/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/2/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/3/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/4/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/5/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/6/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/7/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/8/2015 6:15 AM 0.13 M M M M Melting & ugly.
12/9/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/10/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/11/2015 7:00 AM 0.39 M M M M
12/12/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/13/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/14/2015 6:45 AM 0.30 3.0 0.30 M M
12/15/2015 6:25 AM 1.02 6.0 1.02 8.0 M
12/16/2015 7:00 AM T M M M M
12/17/2015 6:10 AM 0.03 M M 7.5 M
12/18/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/19/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/20/2015 7:30 AM 0.07 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
12/21/2015 7:00 AM 0.14 1.4 0.14 7.5 M
12/22/2015 8:15 AM 0.97 4.0 0.97 8.0 M Snowing lightly. Lots of wind overnight.
12/23/2015 7:20 AM 0.24 M M M M White-out conditions.
12/24/2015 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
12/25/2015 7:14 AM 0.00 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
12/26/2015 7:14 AM 0.00 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
12/27/2015 7:14 AM 0.00 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
12/28/2015 7:14 AM 0.00 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
12/29/2015 10:14 AM T M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
12/30/2015 8:00 AM 0.02 0.5 M M M
12/31/2015 8:25 AM 0.02 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
1/1/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/2/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/3/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/4/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/5/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/6/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/7/2016 6:00 AM 0.20 1.5 M M M
1/8/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/9/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/10/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/11/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/12/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/13/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/14/2016 6:33 AM 0.02 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
1/15/2016 5:51 AM 0.12 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
1/20/2016 6:25 AM 0.30 2.0 M M M
1/21/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/22/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/23/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/24/2016 7:00 AM 0.30 2.5 M M M
1/25/2016 7:00 AM 0.05 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
1/26/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/27/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/28/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
1/29/2016 6:36 AM 0.17 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
1/30/2016 9:00 AM 1.26 6.5 1.26 11.0 M Wow!
1/31/2016 8:15 AM 0.20 2.5 M M M
2/16/2016 6:30 AM 0.02 M M M M
3/7/2016 6:15 AM 0.90 M M M M Hail on Sunday afternoon about 4 pm.
3/14/2016 6:20 AM 0.25 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
3/15/2016 6:20 AM 0.35 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
3/17/2016 6:30 AM 0.19 M M M M
3/22/2016 6:43 AM 0.40 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
3/23/2016 6:37 AM 0.09 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
3/28/2016 7:30 AM 0.67 5.3 0.67 M M
4/1/2016 7:30 AM 0.21 M M M M
4/2/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/3/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/4/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/5/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/6/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/7/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/8/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/9/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/10/2016 8:00 AM 0.09 M M M M
4/11/2016 6:30 AM 0.17 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
4/13/2016 6:37 AM 0.03 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
4/14/2016 7:00 AM 0.45 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
4/15/2016 6:23 AM 1.10 M M M M Mix pf rain & SNOW!
4/16/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/17/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/18/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/19/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/20/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/21/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/22/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/23/2016 7:00 AM 0.08 M M M M High wind overnight.
4/24/2016 8:00 AM 0.36 M M M M
4/25/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/26/2016 6:26 AM 0.14 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
4/27/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/28/2016 6:36 AM 0.09 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
4/29/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/30/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/1/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/2/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/3/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/4/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/5/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/9/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/10/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/11/2016 6:00 AM 0.53 M M M M
5/12/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/13/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/15/2016 7:55 AM 0.07 M M M M
5/16/2016 6:35 AM 0.25 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
5/17/2016 6:25 AM 0.03 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
5/20/2016 5:56 AM 0.85 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
5/22/2016 8:28 AM 0.68 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
5/23/2016 6:15 AM 0.09 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
5/24/2016 6:11 AM 0.02 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
5/28/2016 7:00 AM 0.08 M M M M
6/30/2016 7:00 AM 0.09 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
8/11/2016 7:45 AM 0.02 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
9/13/2016 7:00 AM 0.22 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
9/14/2016 5:45 AM 0.33 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
9/15/2016 6:46 AM 0.12 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS
9/22/2016 6:15 AM 1.15 M M M M Great thunder and lightning show to start off this rain storm. Storm started about 8:30 pm.
9/23/2016 6:30 AM 1.39 M M M M Still raining. Areas south (ogden, ut) had tornadoes
9/24/2016 5:55 AM 1.54 M M M M Not sure I have ever recorded this much precip in a three daytime period. @10:55 pm there was .78" of rain. This morning @5:55 am there was .76"
9/30/2016 7:00 AM 0.02 M M M M Sent via CoCoRaHS Observer for iOS



Start Date End Date & Time Duration in Days Precipitation Snow Depth Snow Depth SWE Notes
11/28/2015 11/30/2015 6:30 AM 3 0.21 M 3.00 Gone for the weekend.
1/16/2016 1/17/2016 7:00 AM 2 0.20 M M
1/17/2016 1/19/2016 7:00 AM 3 0.11 M M
2/13/2016 2/15/2016 9:00 AM 3 0.41 M M
3/29/2016 3/30/2016 7:00 AM 2 1.06 M M
5/6/2016 5/08/2016 7:00 AM 3 0.54 M M



Observation Date Observation Time Notes Largest Stone Size Average Stone Size Smallest Stone Size Stone Consistency Duration Minutes Durration Accuracy Damage Timing More Rain than Hail Hail Started Largest Hail Started Angle of Impact Number of Stones on Pad Distance Between Stones on Pad Depth of Stones on Ground