Station Overview Station Location
Station Number NY-ER-78 Latitude 42.71491
Station Name Hamburg 0.6 S Longitude -78.83386
County Erie Elevation (ft) 816



Month 30 Yr Avg by PRISM Total Prcp Sum Days Covered By All Observations Daily Prcp Sum Daily Observation Count Multiday Prcp Sum Days Covered by Multiday Observations Multiday Observation Count Days With Prcp Days With Trace Total Snowfall Days With Snowfall Days With Snow On Ground
Oct 16 3.73 5.09 30 5.09 30 0.00 0 0 15 0 0.0 0 0
Nov 16 4.07 1.91 21 1.91 21 0.00 0 0 5 0 0.0 0 0
Dec 16 3.60 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
Jan 17 2.97 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
Feb 17 2.41 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
March 17 2.84 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
April 17 3.22 6.06 26 5.05 23 1.01 3 1 11 0 0.0 0 1
May 17 3.51 5.63 31 5.63 31 0.00 0 0 16 0 0.0 0 0
June 17 3.77 3.01 29 3.01 29 0.00 0 0 16 1 0.0 0 0
July 17 3.66 4.24 31 4.11 25 0.13 6 2 10 1 0.0 0 0
Aug 17 3.59 3.45 30 3.45 30 0.00 0 0 8 2 0.0 0 0
Sept 17 4.29 3.79 30 3.52 20 0.27 10 4 4 0 0.0 0 0
Water Year Totals: 41.66" 33.18" 228 days 31.77" 209 1.41" 19 days 7 85 days 4 days 0.0" 0 days 1 days



Days in Water Year Cell Color Key
        Daily Observation with Prcp         Missing Day
        Multiday Observation         Daily/Multiday Observation Conflict

Day of Year Daily Prcp Multiday Prcp
10/1/2016 0.01
10/2/2016 0.64
10/3/2016 0.29
10/4/2016 0.00
10/5/2016 0.00
10/6/2016 0.00
10/7/2016 0.00
10/8/2016 0.00
10/9/2016 0.08
10/10/2016 0.00
10/11/2016 0.00
10/12/2016
10/13/2016 0.17
10/14/2016 0.00
10/15/2016 0.00
10/16/2016 0.00
10/17/2016 0.02
10/18/2016 0.00
10/19/2016 0.39
10/20/2016 0.15
10/21/2016 1.32
10/22/2016 1.12
10/23/2016 0.01
10/24/2016 0.07
10/25/2016 0.00
10/26/2016 0.00
10/27/2016 0.48
10/28/2016 0.24
10/29/2016 0.00
10/30/2016 0.00
10/31/2016 0.10
11/1/2016 0.00
11/2/2016 0.00
11/3/2016 1.29
11/4/2016 0.03
11/5/2016 0.00
11/6/2016 0.00
11/7/2016 0.00
11/8/2016 0.00
11/9/2016 0.22
11/10/2016 0.00
11/11/2016 0.00
11/12/2016 0.00
11/13/2016 0.00
11/14/2016 0.00
11/15/2016 0.00
11/16/2016 0.00
11/17/2016 0.07
11/18/2016 0.00
11/19/2016 0.00
11/20/2016 0.30
11/21/2016 0.00
11/22/2016
11/23/2016
11/24/2016
11/25/2016
11/26/2016
11/27/2016
11/28/2016
11/29/2016
11/30/2016
12/1/2016
12/2/2016
12/3/2016
12/4/2016
12/5/2016
12/6/2016
12/7/2016
12/8/2016
12/9/2016
12/10/2016
12/11/2016
12/12/2016
12/13/2016
12/14/2016
12/15/2016
12/16/2016
12/17/2016
12/18/2016
12/19/2016
12/20/2016
12/21/2016
12/22/2016
12/23/2016
12/24/2016
12/25/2016
12/26/2016
12/27/2016
12/28/2016
12/29/2016
12/30/2016
12/31/2016
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
1/1/2017
1/2/2017
1/3/2017
1/4/2017
1/5/2017
1/6/2017
1/7/2017
1/8/2017
1/9/2017
1/10/2017
1/11/2017
1/12/2017
1/13/2017
1/14/2017
1/15/2017
1/16/2017
1/17/2017
1/18/2017
1/19/2017
1/20/2017
1/21/2017
1/22/2017
1/23/2017
1/24/2017
1/25/2017
1/26/2017
1/27/2017
1/28/2017
1/29/2017
1/30/2017
1/31/2017
2/1/2017
2/2/2017
2/3/2017
2/4/2017
2/5/2017
2/6/2017
2/7/2017
2/8/2017
2/9/2017
2/10/2017
2/11/2017
2/12/2017
2/13/2017
2/14/2017
2/15/2017
2/16/2017
2/17/2017
2/18/2017
2/19/2017
2/20/2017
2/21/2017
2/22/2017
2/23/2017
2/24/2017
2/25/2017
2/26/2017
2/27/2017
2/28/2017
3/1/2017
3/2/2017
3/3/2017
3/4/2017
3/5/2017
3/6/2017
3/7/2017
3/8/2017
3/9/2017
3/10/2017
3/11/2017
3/12/2017
3/13/2017
3/14/2017
3/15/2017
3/16/2017
3/17/2017
3/18/2017
3/19/2017
3/20/2017
3/21/2017
3/22/2017
3/23/2017
3/24/2017
3/25/2017
3/26/2017
3/27/2017
3/28/2017
3/29/2017
3/30/2017
3/31/2017
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
4/1/2017
4/2/2017
4/3/2017
4/4/2017 **
4/5/2017 **
4/6/2017 1.01
4/7/2017 1.56
4/8/2017 0.07
4/9/2017 0.00
4/10/2017 0.00
4/11/2017 0.00
4/12/2017 0.09
4/13/2017 0.00
4/14/2017 0.00
4/15/2017 0.00
4/16/2017 0.21
4/17/2017 0.00
4/18/2017 0.00
4/19/2017 0.00
4/20/2017 0.23
4/21/2017 2.11
4/22/2017 0.01
4/23/2017 0.00
4/24/2017 0.00
4/25/2017 0.16
4/26/2017 0.22
4/27/2017 0.00
4/28/2017 M
4/29/2017 0.29
4/30/2017 0.10
5/1/2017 0.32
5/2/2017 0.88
5/3/2017 0.12
5/4/2017 0.00
5/5/2017 0.77
5/6/2017 0.79
5/7/2017 0.51
5/8/2017 0.11
5/9/2017 0.00
5/10/2017 0.00
5/11/2017 0.00
5/12/2017 0.00
5/13/2017 0.00
5/14/2017 0.00
5/15/2017 0.03
5/16/2017 0.00
5/17/2017 0.01
5/18/2017 0.00
5/19/2017 0.03
5/20/2017 0.00
5/21/2017 0.00
5/22/2017 0.53
5/23/2017 0.00
5/24/2017 0.00
5/25/2017 0.25
5/26/2017 0.91
5/27/2017 0.06
5/28/2017 0.00
5/29/2017 0.16
5/30/2017 0.15
5/31/2017 0.00
6/1/2017 T
6/2/2017 0.00
6/3/2017 0.02
6/4/2017 0.01
6/5/2017 0.15
6/6/2017
6/7/2017 0.20
6/8/2017 0.00
6/9/2017 0.00
6/10/2017 0.00
6/11/2017 0.00
6/12/2017 0.00
6/13/2017 0.00
6/14/2017 0.00
6/15/2017 0.00
6/16/2017 0.34
6/17/2017 0.02
6/18/2017 0.00
6/19/2017 0.54
6/20/2017 0.01
6/21/2017 0.40
6/22/2017 0.00
6/23/2017 0.02
6/24/2017 0.75
6/25/2017 0.05
6/26/2017 0.00
6/27/2017 0.21
6/28/2017 0.11
6/29/2017 0.02
6/30/2017 0.16
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
7/1/2017 0.14
7/2/2017 0.41
7/3/2017 T
7/4/2017 0.00
7/5/2017 0.00
7/6/2017 0.00
7/7/2017 0.00
7/8/2017 0.81
7/9/2017 0.00
7/10/2017 0.00
7/11/2017 0.28
7/12/2017 0.00
7/13/2017 0.29
7/14/2017 1.39
7/15/2017 0.00
7/16/2017 0.00
7/17/2017 0.03
7/18/2017 0.00
7/19/2017 0.00
7/20/2017 0.00
7/21/2017 0.42
7/22/2017 **
7/23/2017 **
7/24/2017 0.13
7/25/2017 0.30
7/26/2017 0.00
7/27/2017 0.04
7/28/2017 0.00
7/29/2017 **
7/30/2017 **
7/31/2017 0.00
8/1/2017 T
8/2/2017 0.00
8/3/2017 0.00
8/4/2017 0.27
8/5/2017 1.03
8/6/2017 0.05
8/7/2017 0.00
8/8/2017 0.00
8/9/2017 0.00
8/10/2017 0.00
8/11/2017 0.00
8/12/2017 0.02
8/13/2017 0.00
8/14/2017 0.00
8/15/2017 0.00
8/16/2017 0.00
8/17/2017 0.00
8/18/2017 0.33
8/19/2017 0.00
8/20/2017 0.00
8/21/2017 0.00
8/22/2017 T
8/23/2017 1.61
8/24/2017 0.09
8/25/2017
8/26/2017 0.00
8/27/2017 0.00
8/28/2017 0.00
8/29/2017 0.00
8/30/2017 0.00
8/31/2017 0.05
9/1/2017 0.00
9/2/2017 **
9/3/2017 **
9/4/2017 0.21
9/5/2017 0.72
9/6/2017 **
9/7/2017 0.06
9/8/2017 2.28
9/9/2017 0.03
9/10/2017 0.00
9/11/2017 0.00
9/12/2017 0.00
9/13/2017 0.00
9/14/2017 0.00
9/15/2017 0.00
9/16/2017 **
9/17/2017 0.00
9/18/2017 0.00
9/19/2017 0.00
9/20/2017 0.00
9/21/2017 0.00
9/22/2017 0.00
9/23/2017 **
9/24/2017 **
9/25/2017 0.00
9/26/2017 0.00
9/27/2017 0.00
9/28/2017 0.00
9/29/2017 0.00
9/30/2017 0.49



Observation Date Observation Time Precipitation Snowfall Snowfall SWE Snow Depth Snow SWE Notes
10/1/2016 5:00 AM 0.01 M M M M
10/2/2016 7:00 AM 0.64 M M M M
10/3/2016 7:00 AM 0.29 M M M M
10/4/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/5/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/6/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/7/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/8/2016 6:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/9/2016 7:00 AM 0.08 M M M M
10/10/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/11/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/13/2016 7:45 AM 0.17 M M M M
10/14/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/15/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/16/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/17/2016 7:00 AM 0.02 M M M M
10/18/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/19/2016 7:00 AM 0.39 M M M M
10/20/2016 7:15 AM 0.15 M M M M
10/21/2016 7:00 AM 1.32 M M M M
10/22/2016 7:00 AM 1.12 M M M M
10/23/2016 9:00 AM 0.01 M M M M
10/24/2016 7:00 AM 0.07 M M M M
10/25/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/26/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/27/2016 8:30 AM 0.48 M M M M
10/28/2016 7:30 AM 0.24 M M M M
10/29/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/30/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/31/2016 7:00 AM 0.10 M M M M
11/1/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/2/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/3/2016 8:30 AM 1.29 M M M M Rain now tapering off; Delayed reading (until after 7:00) to get a more comprehensive picture of the rain event.
11/4/2016 7:00 AM 0.03 M M M M
11/5/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/6/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/7/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/8/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/9/2016 7:00 AM 0.22 M M M M
11/10/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/11/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/12/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/13/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/14/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/15/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/16/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/17/2016 7:00 AM 0.07 M M M M
11/18/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/19/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
11/20/2016 7:00 AM 0.30 M M M M
11/21/2016 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Station Closed for Winter Season. Will have more reports in Spring 2017.
4/7/2017 7:00 AM 1.56 M M 2.0 M Changed to snow overnight; at least 0.5" is melted snow.
4/8/2017 7:00 AM 0.07 M M M M All fell as snow; snow ended before sunset; all melted overnight.
4/9/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/10/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/11/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/12/2017 7:00 AM 0.09 M M M M
4/13/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/14/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/15/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/16/2017 7:00 AM 0.21 M M M M
4/17/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/18/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/19/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/20/2017 7:00 AM 0.23 M M M M
4/21/2017 7:00 AM 2.11 0.0 M M M Rain started around noon; there were many dry periods until around sunset -- then very hard rains; drying out this morning.
4/22/2017 7:00 AM 0.01 M M M M
4/23/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/24/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
4/25/2017 7:00 AM 0.16 M M M M Expect rain for several additional hours.
4/26/2017 7:00 AM 0.22 M M M M
4/27/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Heavy Dew
4/28/2017 7:00 AM M 0.0 M M M (edit: originally submitted 4/28/2017 6:04 AM as 0" precip, false zero likely based on radar and nearby sites, edited to na - SGB 5/3/17)
4/29/2017 5:00 PM 0.29 M M M M
4/30/2017 7:30 AM 0.10 M M M M Rain began at dawn; brief lull in rain at 7:30.
5/1/2017 7:00 AM 0.32 M M M M Heavy thunderstorms around sunset.
5/2/2017 7:00 AM 0.88 M M M M
5/3/2017 7:00 AM 0.12 M M M M
5/4/2017 6:20 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/5/2017 7:00 AM 0.77 M M M M
5/6/2017 7:00 AM 0.79 M M M M
5/7/2017 7:00 AM 0.51 M M M M
5/8/2017 7:00 AM 0.11 M M M M
5/9/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/10/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/11/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/12/2017 6:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/13/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/14/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/15/2017 7:00 AM 0.03 M M M M
5/16/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/17/2017 6:00 AM 0.01 M M M M
5/18/2017 6:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/19/2017 7:00 AM 0.03 M M M M
5/20/2017 6:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/21/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/22/2017 7:00 AM 0.53 M M M M
5/23/2017 6:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/24/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/25/2017 7:00 AM 0.25 M M M M
5/26/2017 7:00 AM 0.91 M M M M
5/27/2017 6:00 AM 0.06 M M M M
5/28/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/29/2017 7:00 AM 0.16 M M M M
5/30/2017 7:00 AM 0.15 M M M M
5/31/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/1/2017 7:00 AM T M M M M
6/2/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/3/2017 7:00 AM 0.02 M M M M
6/4/2017 7:00 AM 0.01 M M M M
6/5/2017 7:00 AM 0.15 M M M M
6/7/2017 7:00 AM 0.20 M M M M
6/8/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/9/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/10/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/11/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/12/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/13/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/14/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/15/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/16/2017 7:00 AM 0.34 M M M M
6/17/2017 7:00 AM 0.02 M M M M
6/18/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/19/2017 7:00 AM 0.54 M M M M
6/20/2017 7:00 AM 0.01 M M M M
6/21/2017 7:00 AM 0.40 M M M M
6/22/2017 6:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/23/2017 7:00 AM 0.02 M M M M
6/24/2017 7:00 AM 0.75 M M M M
6/25/2017 7:00 AM 0.05 M M M M
6/26/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/27/2017 7:00 AM 0.21 M M M M
6/28/2017 7:00 AM 0.11 M M M M
6/29/2017 7:00 AM 0.02 M M M M
6/30/2017 7:00 AM 0.16 M M M M
7/1/2017 7:00 AM 0.14 M M M M
7/2/2017 7:00 AM 0.41 M M M M
7/3/2017 7:00 AM T M M M M
7/4/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/5/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/6/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/7/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/8/2017 7:00 AM 0.81 M M M M
7/9/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/10/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/11/2017 7:00 AM 0.28 M M M M
7/12/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/13/2017 7:00 AM 0.29 M M M M
7/14/2017 7:00 AM 1.39 M M M M
7/15/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/16/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/17/2017 7:00 AM 0.03 M M M M
7/18/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/19/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/20/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/21/2017 7:00 AM 0.42 M M M M F2 Hurricane touched down about 2 miles away in mid-day.
7/25/2017 7:00 AM 0.30 M M M M
7/26/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/27/2017 7:00 AM 0.04 M M M M
7/28/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/1/2017 7:00 AM T M M M M
8/2/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/3/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/4/2017 7:00 AM 0.27 M M M M
8/5/2017 8:00 AM 1.03 M M M M
8/6/2017 7:00 AM 0.05 M M M M
8/7/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/8/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/9/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/10/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/11/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/12/2017 7:00 AM 0.02 M M M M
8/13/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/14/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/15/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/16/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/17/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/18/2017 7:00 AM 0.33 M M M M
8/19/2017 11:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/20/2017 7:00 PM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/21/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/22/2017 7:00 AM T M M M M
8/23/2017 7:00 AM 1.61 M M M M
8/24/2017 7:00 AM 0.09 M M M M
8/26/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/27/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/28/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/29/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/30/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/31/2017 9:00 AM 0.05 M M M M
9/1/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/5/2017 7:00 AM 0.72 M M M M
9/8/2017 8:00 AM 2.28 M M M M
9/9/2017 7:00 AM 0.03 M M M M
9/10/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/11/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/12/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/13/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/14/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/15/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/18/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/19/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/20/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/21/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/22/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/26/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/27/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/28/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/29/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/30/2017 7:00 AM 0.49 M M M M



Start Date End Date & Time Duration in Days Precipitation Snow Depth Snow Depth SWE Notes
4/4/2017 4/06/2017 7:00 AM 3 1.01 M M Hoping hard freezes are over; Opening station for rain season.
7/22/2017 7/24/2017 7:00 AM 3 0.13 M M
7/29/2017 7/31/2017 7:00 AM 3 0.00 M M
9/2/2017 9/04/2017 7:00 AM 3 0.21 M M
9/6/2017 9/07/2017 7:00 AM 2 0.06 M M
9/16/2017 9/17/2017 7:00 AM 2 0.00 M M
9/23/2017 9/25/2017 7:00 AM 3 0.00 M M



Observation Date Observation Time Notes Largest Stone Size Average Stone Size Smallest Stone Size Stone Consistency Duration Minutes Durration Accuracy Damage Timing More Rain than Hail Hail Started Largest Hail Started Angle of Impact Number of Stones on Pad Distance Between Stones on Pad Depth of Stones on Ground