Station Overview Station Location
Station Number WI-ON-4 Latitude 45.6314121
Station Name Rhinelander 0.6 SSW Longitude -89.4147298
County Oneida Elevation (ft) 1540



Month 30 Yr Avg by PRISM Total Prcp Sum Days Covered By All Observations Daily Prcp Sum Daily Observation Count Multiday Prcp Sum Days Covered by Multiday Observations Multiday Observation Count Days With Prcp Days With Trace Total Snowfall Days With Snowfall Days With Snow On Ground
Oct 17 3.10 4.73 31 0.81 11 3.92 20 5 3 0 0.0 0 0
Nov 17 1.91 1.25 30 0.00 1 1.25 29 6 0 0 0.0 0 0
Dec 17 1.43 1.90 31 0.00 0 1.90 31 6 0 0 0.0 0 0
Jan 18 1.09 1.26 31 0.04 1 1.22 30 4 1 0 0.0 0 1
Feb 18 0.93 1.32 28 0.00 1 1.32 27 6 0 0 0.0 0 1
March 18 1.59 0.85 31 0.68 1 0.17 30 7 1 0 0.0 0 1
April 18 2.60 1.07 13 0.00 2 1.07 11 4 0 0 0.0 0 2
May 18 3.38 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
June 18 3.97 6.00 30 4.90 28 1.10 2 1 5 0 0.0 0 0
July 18 4.00 3.21 31 0.54 23 2.67 8 3 3 1 0.0 0 0
Aug 18 3.35 2.10 31 1.77 28 0.33 3 1 6 1 0.0 0 0
Sept 18 4.08 4.52 30 3.25 19 1.27 11 3 2 1 0.0 0 0
Water Year Totals: 31.43" 28.21" 317 days 11.99" 115 16.22" 202 days 46 21 days 3 days 0.0" 0 days 5 days



Days in Water Year Cell Color Key
        Daily Observation with Prcp         Missing Day
        Multiday Observation         Daily/Multiday Observation Conflict

Day of Year Daily Prcp Multiday Prcp
10/1/2017 0.00
10/2/2017 0.04
10/3/2017 0.00
10/4/2017 **
10/5/2017 **
10/6/2017 **
10/7/2017 **
10/8/2017 **
10/9/2017 **
10/10/2017 M 2.94
10/11/2017 **
10/12/2017 0.00
10/13/2017 0.02
10/14/2017 0.00
10/15/2017 0.00
10/16/2017 0.75
10/17/2017 0.00
10/18/2017 0.00
10/19/2017 0.00
10/20/2017 0.00
10/21/2017 **
10/22/2017 **
10/23/2017 **
10/24/2017 **
10/25/2017 0.44
10/26/2017 **
10/27/2017 **
10/28/2017 **
10/29/2017 0.47
10/30/2017 **
10/31/2017 0.07
11/1/2017 **
11/2/2017 **
11/3/2017 **
11/4/2017 **
11/5/2017 **
11/6/2017 **
11/7/2017 0.47
11/8/2017 **
11/9/2017 **
11/10/2017 0.07
11/11/2017 **
11/12/2017 **
11/13/2017 **
11/14/2017 **
11/15/2017 **
11/16/2017 0.38
11/17/2017 **
11/18/2017 **
11/19/2017 **
11/20/2017 0.20
11/21/2017 M **
11/22/2017 0.13
11/23/2017 **
11/24/2017 **
11/25/2017 **
11/26/2017 **
11/27/2017 **
11/28/2017 **
11/29/2017 0.00
11/30/2017 0.00
12/1/2017 **
12/2/2017 **
12/3/2017 **
12/4/2017 0.96
12/5/2017 **
12/6/2017 **
12/7/2017 **
12/8/2017 **
12/9/2017 **
12/10/2017 **
12/11/2017 **
12/12/2017 0.28
12/13/2017 **
12/14/2017 **
12/15/2017 **
12/16/2017 0.60
12/17/2017 **
12/18/2017 **
12/19/2017 **
12/20/2017 **
12/21/2017 **
12/22/2017 T
12/23/2017 **
12/24/2017 **
12/25/2017 **
12/26/2017 **
12/27/2017 T
12/28/2017 **
12/29/2017 **
12/30/2017 **
12/31/2017 0.06
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
1/1/2018 **
1/2/2018 0.00
1/3/2018 **
1/4/2018 **
1/5/2018 **
1/6/2018 **
1/7/2018 **
1/8/2018 **
1/9/2018 **
1/10/2018 0.40
1/11/2018 0.04
1/12/2018 **
1/13/2018 **
1/14/2018 **
1/15/2018 **
1/16/2018 **
1/17/2018 **
1/18/2018 **
1/19/2018 **
1/20/2018 **
1/21/2018 **
1/22/2018 **
1/23/2018 **
1/24/2018 0.82
1/25/2018 **
1/26/2018 **
1/27/2018 **
1/28/2018 **
1/29/2018 **
1/30/2018 **
1/31/2018 T
2/1/2018 **
2/2/2018 **
2/3/2018 **
2/4/2018 **
2/5/2018 **
2/6/2018 **
2/7/2018 **
2/8/2018 0.34
2/9/2018 0.00
2/10/2018 **
2/11/2018 **
2/12/2018 **
2/13/2018 **
2/14/2018 **
2/15/2018 0.00
2/16/2018 **
2/17/2018 **
2/18/2018 **
2/19/2018 **
2/20/2018 0.14
2/21/2018 **
2/22/2018 **
2/23/2018 0.41
2/24/2018 **
2/25/2018 0.43
2/26/2018 **
2/27/2018 **
2/28/2018 0.00
3/1/2018 **
3/2/2018 **
3/3/2018 **
3/4/2018 **
3/5/2018 0.00
3/6/2018 **
3/7/2018 **
3/8/2018 0.17
3/9/2018 **
3/10/2018 **
3/11/2018 **
3/12/2018 0.00
3/13/2018 **
3/14/2018 **
3/15/2018 **
3/16/2018 **
3/17/2018 0.00
3/18/2018 **
3/19/2018 **
3/20/2018 **
3/21/2018 0.00
3/22/2018 **
3/23/2018 **
3/24/2018 **
3/25/2018 **
3/26/2018 0.00
3/27/2018 0.68
3/28/2018 **
3/29/2018 **
3/30/2018 0.00
3/31/2018 **
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
4/1/2018 **
4/2/2018 **
4/3/2018 **
4/4/2018 1.07
4/5/2018 0.00
4/6/2018 **
4/7/2018 **
4/8/2018 T
4/9/2018 **
4/10/2018 0.00
4/11/2018 **
4/12/2018 0.00
4/13/2018 0.00
4/14/2018
4/15/2018
4/16/2018
4/17/2018
4/18/2018
4/19/2018
4/20/2018
4/21/2018
4/22/2018
4/23/2018
4/24/2018
4/25/2018
4/26/2018
4/27/2018
4/28/2018
4/29/2018
4/30/2018
5/1/2018
5/2/2018
5/3/2018
5/4/2018
5/5/2018
5/6/2018
5/7/2018
5/8/2018
5/9/2018
5/10/2018
5/11/2018
5/12/2018
5/13/2018
5/14/2018
5/15/2018
5/16/2018
5/17/2018
5/18/2018
5/19/2018
5/20/2018
5/21/2018
5/22/2018
5/23/2018
5/24/2018
5/25/2018
5/26/2018
5/27/2018
5/28/2018
5/29/2018
5/30/2018
5/31/2018
6/1/2018 0.00
6/2/2018 0.00
6/3/2018 0.44
6/4/2018 0.00
6/5/2018 0.00
6/6/2018 0.00
6/7/2018 0.11
6/8/2018 0.00
6/9/2018 0.00
6/10/2018 0.00
6/11/2018 0.00
6/12/2018 0.00
6/13/2018 1.09
6/14/2018 0.00
6/15/2018 0.00
6/16/2018 3.24
6/17/2018 **
6/18/2018 1.10
6/19/2018 0.00
6/20/2018 0.00
6/21/2018 0.00
6/22/2018 0.00
6/23/2018 0.00
6/24/2018 0.00
6/25/2018 0.00
6/26/2018 0.00
6/27/2018 0.02
6/28/2018 0.00
6/29/2018 0.00
6/30/2018 0.00
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
7/1/2018 **
7/2/2018 0.16
7/3/2018 0.00
7/4/2018 0.00
7/5/2018 0.04
7/6/2018 0.00
7/7/2018 0.00
7/8/2018 0.00
7/9/2018 0.00
7/10/2018 0.00
7/11/2018 0.00
7/12/2018 **
7/13/2018 **
7/14/2018 1.12
7/15/2018 0.00
7/16/2018 0.00
7/17/2018 0.00
7/18/2018 0.00
7/19/2018 0.00
7/20/2018 **
7/21/2018 **
7/22/2018 1.39
7/23/2018 0.00
7/24/2018 0.00
7/25/2018 0.00
7/26/2018 0.43
7/27/2018 0.07
7/28/2018 0.00
7/29/2018 0.00
7/30/2018 0.00
7/31/2018 T
8/1/2018 0.00
8/2/2018 0.44
8/3/2018 T
8/4/2018 **
8/5/2018 **
8/6/2018 0.33
8/7/2018 0.00
8/8/2018 0.00
8/9/2018 0.21
8/10/2018 0.00
8/11/2018 0.00
8/12/2018 0.00
8/13/2018 0.00
8/14/2018 0.00
8/15/2018 0.00
8/16/2018 0.00
8/17/2018 0.00
8/18/2018 0.00
8/19/2018 0.00
8/20/2018 0.00
8/21/2018 0.00
8/22/2018 0.00
8/23/2018 0.00
8/24/2018 0.00
8/25/2018 0.39
8/26/2018 0.00
8/27/2018 0.51
8/28/2018 0.20
8/29/2018 0.02
8/30/2018 0.00
8/31/2018 0.00
9/1/2018 **
9/2/2018 **
9/3/2018 **
9/4/2018 0.28
9/5/2018 3.23
9/6/2018 0.00
9/7/2018 0.00
9/8/2018 0.00
9/9/2018 0.00
9/10/2018 0.00
9/11/2018 0.00
9/12/2018 0.00
9/13/2018 0.00
9/14/2018 0.00
9/15/2018 0.00
9/16/2018 0.00
9/17/2018 0.00
9/18/2018 T
9/19/2018 0.02
9/20/2018 **
9/21/2018 0.58
9/22/2018 0.00
9/23/2018 0.00
9/24/2018 0.00
9/25/2018 **
9/26/2018 **
9/27/2018 **
9/28/2018 **
9/29/2018 0.41
9/30/2018 0.00



Observation Date Observation Time Precipitation Snowfall Snowfall SWE Snow Depth Snow SWE Notes
10/1/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
10/2/2017 7:00 AM 0.04 0.0 M 0.0 M
10/3/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
10/10/2017 7:00 AM M 0.0 M 0.0 M
10/13/2017 7:00 AM 0.02 0.0 M 0.0 M
10/14/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
10/15/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
10/16/2017 7:00 AM 0.75 0.0 M 0.0 M
10/17/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
10/18/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
10/19/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
10/20/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
11/21/2017 7:00 AM M M M M M
11/30/2017 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
1/11/2018 8:00 AM 0.04 0.0 M 6.5 1.04 the precip fell as rain. we have lost water equivilent out of the snow pack in the last day. from 8:15 until 9 am this morning, a wet heavy snow, falling in large clumps of flakes, fell heavily, and 1 inch of new snow accumulated in 45 minutes.
2/9/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 19.0 M
3/27/2018 7:00 AM 0.68 0.0 M 12.0 M
4/5/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 16.5 M
4/13/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 13.0 M
6/1/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/2/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/3/2018 7:00 AM 0.44 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/4/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/5/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/6/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/7/2018 7:00 AM 0.11 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/8/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/9/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/10/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/11/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/12/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/13/2018 7:00 AM 1.09 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/14/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/15/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/16/2018 7:00 AM 3.24 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/19/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/20/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/21/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/22/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/23/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/24/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/25/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/26/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/27/2018 7:00 AM 0.02 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/28/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/29/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
6/30/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/3/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/4/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/5/2018 7:00 AM 0.04 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/6/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/7/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/8/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/9/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/10/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/11/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/15/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/16/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/17/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/18/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/19/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/23/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/24/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/25/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/26/2018 7:00 AM 0.43 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/27/2018 7:00 AM 0.07 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/28/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/29/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/30/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
7/31/2018 7:00 AM T 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/1/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/2/2018 7:00 AM 0.44 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/3/2018 7:00 AM T M M M M Trace of precipitation fell as misty droplets in the air occasionally during the 5:00-7:00 PM timeframe.
8/7/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/8/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/9/2018 7:00 AM 0.21 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/10/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/11/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/12/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/13/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/14/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/15/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/16/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/17/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/18/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/19/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/20/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/21/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/22/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/23/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/24/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/25/2018 7:00 AM 0.39 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/26/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/27/2018 7:00 AM 0.51 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/28/2018 7:00 AM 0.20 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/29/2018 7:00 AM 0.02 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/30/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
8/31/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/5/2018 7:00 AM 3.23 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/6/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/7/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/8/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/9/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/10/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/11/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/12/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/13/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/14/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/15/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/16/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/17/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/18/2018 7:00 AM T 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/19/2018 7:00 AM 0.02 0.0 M 0.0 M precipitation fell as drizzle in early morning hours
9/22/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/23/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/24/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M
9/30/2018 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M 0.0 M



Start Date End Date & Time Duration in Days Precipitation Snow Depth Snow Depth SWE Notes
10/4/2017 10/10/2017 7:00 AM 7 2.94 0.0 M
10/11/2017 10/12/2017 7:00 AM 2 0.00 0.0 M
10/21/2017 10/25/2017 7:00 AM 5 0.44 0.0 0.00
10/26/2017 10/29/2017 7:00 AM 4 0.47 0.0 M
10/30/2017 10/31/2017 7:00 AM 2 0.07 T M
11/1/2017 11/07/2017 8:00 PM 7 0.47 0.0 M
11/8/2017 11/10/2017 3:00 PM 3 0.07 1.5 M
11/11/2017 11/16/2017 7:00 AM 6 0.38 T M
11/17/2017 11/20/2017 11:30 AM 4 0.20 0.0 M
11/21/2017 11/22/2017 7:00 AM 2 0.13 0.0 M
11/23/2017 11/29/2017 7:00 AM 7 0.00 0.0 M
12/1/2017 12/04/2017 5:00 PM 4 0.96 2.0 M All precipitation fell as rain.
12/5/2017 12/12/2017 1:00 PM 8 0.28 3.0 M
12/13/2017 12/16/2017 1:00 PM 4 0.60 8.0 1.11 {EDIT: Observer reported 6.00 for multi-day precip. This appears to be a decimal typo. Changed report of 6.00 to 0.60 until observer can be contacted to verify. Submission Time Before EDIT: 12/17/2017 8:32 AM CoCoSTAFF DNT}
12/17/2017 12/22/2017 7:00 AM 6 T 8.0 M
12/23/2017 12/27/2017 7:00 AM 5 T 7.0 M
12/28/2017 12/31/2017 7:00 AM 4 0.06 7.0 M
1/1/2018 1/02/2018 4:00 PM 2 0.00 7.0 M
1/3/2018 1/10/2018 6:30 PM 8 0.40 8.0 M The great majority of the precipitation fell during the day on January 11. A winter storm moved in during the early morning hours. Temperatures were in the mid 30's so the snow that fell was mixed with rain at times and was heavy and wet. At 4 PM, the temperature was still 31 degrees. Between 4 PM and 4:20, a strong cold wind kicked up, the temperature dropped precipitously, and the wet slushy snow on parking lots and streets stiffened rapidly. Car doors suddenly froze shut and all the moisture froze suddenly on windshields and car bodies. The snow became drier and was whipped about by the gusty winds.
1/12/2018 1/24/2018 3:00 PM 13 0.82 15.0 2.96 The great preponderance of the snow fell during the storm of January 22-23.
1/25/2018 1/31/2018 7:00 AM 7 T 13.0 M
2/1/2018 2/08/2018 6:00 PM 8 0.34 19.0 M
2/10/2018 2/15/2018 4:00 PM 6 0.00 14.5 2.88
2/16/2018 2/20/2018 3:00 PM 5 0.14 15.0 M The precipitation fell during February 19 and 20. The outside of the gauge was coated with frozen rain that was 1/10 inch thick. One half of the inside was coated with frozen rain that was also 1/10th inch thick. the rest of the precipitation in the gauge was fine granular snow. On the ground, there is a fragile 0.25 inch thick crust on the surface of the snow, and three different crust layers in the snow column.
2/21/2018 2/23/2018 2:00 PM 3 0.41 14.0 M
2/24/2018 2/25/2018 7:00 AM 2 0.43 20.0 M
2/26/2018 2/28/2018 7:00 AM 3 0.00 18.0 M
3/1/2018 3/05/2018 7:00 AM 5 0.00 18.0 M
3/6/2018 3/08/2018 7:00 AM 3 0.17 19.0 M
3/9/2018 3/12/2018 7:00 AM 4 0.00 18.0 M
3/13/2018 3/17/2018 7:00 AM 5 0.00 16.5 M
3/18/2018 3/21/2018 7:00 AM 4 0.00 16.5 M
3/22/2018 3/26/2018 7:00 AM 5 0.00 16.0 M
3/28/2018 3/30/2018 7:00 AM 3 0.00 12.0 M
3/31/2018 4/04/2018 7:00 AM 5 1.07 16.5 M
4/6/2018 4/08/2018 7:00 AM 3 T 16.0 M
4/9/2018 4/10/2018 7:00 AM 2 0.00 16.0 M
4/11/2018 4/12/2018 7:00 AM 2 0.00 14.5 M
6/17/2018 6/18/2018 7:00 AM 2 1.10 0.0 M
7/1/2018 7/02/2018 7:00 AM 2 0.16 0.0 M
7/12/2018 7/14/2018 7:00 AM 3 1.12 0.0 M
7/20/2018 7/22/2018 7:00 AM 3 1.39 0.0 M
8/4/2018 8/06/2018 7:00 AM 3 0.33 0.0 M
9/1/2018 9/04/2018 7:00 AM 4 0.28 0.0 M
9/20/2018 9/21/2018 7:00 AM 2 0.58 0.0 M
9/25/2018 9/29/2018 7:00 AM 5 0.41 0.0 M



Observation Date Observation Time Notes Largest Stone Size Average Stone Size Smallest Stone Size Stone Consistency Duration Minutes Durration Accuracy Damage Timing More Rain than Hail Hail Started Largest Hail Started Angle of Impact Number of Stones on Pad Distance Between Stones on Pad Depth of Stones on Ground