Station Overview Station Location
Station Number OR-MT-16 Latitude 45.4838
Station Name Sandy 6.6 NNE Longitude -122.2033
County Multnomah Elevation (ft) 1248



Month 30 Yr Avg by PRISM Total Prcp Sum Days Covered By All Observations Daily Prcp Sum Daily Observation Count Multiday Prcp Sum Days Covered by Multiday Observations Multiday Observation Count Days With Prcp Days With Trace Total Snowfall Days With Snowfall Days With Snow On Ground
Oct 19 6.55 4.73 31 4.73 31 0.00 0 0 17 9 0.0 0 0
Nov 19 11.36 2.38 30 2.38 30 0.00 0 0 13 5 0.0 0 0
Dec 19 11.01 6.18 31 5.53 25 0.65 6 1 18 1 0.2 1 0
Jan 20 10.26 14.21 31 13.32 27 0.89 4 1 27 0 0.0 0 4
Feb 20 8.24 6.17 29 5.84 26 0.33 3 1 18 6 0.0 0 0
March 20 8.17 6.03 31 6.03 31 0.00 0 0 19 4 4.0 2 2
April 20 7.05 3.10 30 3.10 30 0.00 0 0 19 2 0.0 0 0
May 20 5.65 7.54 31 7.30 28 0.24 3 1 22 1 0.0 0 0
June 20 4.15 6.34 30 5.93 28 0.41 2 1 17 0 0.0 0 0
July 20 1.31 0.57 31 0.57 31 0.00 0 0 7 1 0.0 0 0
Aug 20 1.34 0.86 31 0.86 31 0.00 0 0 4 9 0.0 0 0
Sept 20 3.59 2.58 30 2.58 30 0.00 0 0 8 2 0.0 0 0
Water Year Totals: 78.68" 60.69" 366 days 58.17" 348 2.52" 18 days 5 189 days 40 days 4.2" 3 days 6 days



Days in Water Year Cell Color Key
        Daily Observation with Prcp         Missing Day
        Multiday Observation         Daily/Multiday Observation Conflict

Day of Year Daily Prcp Multiday Prcp
10/1/2019 0.01
10/2/2019 T
10/3/2019 0.16
10/4/2019 0.21
10/5/2019 0.07
10/6/2019 T
10/7/2019 T
10/8/2019 0.35
10/9/2019 0.22
10/10/2019 T
10/11/2019 T
10/12/2019 0.00
10/13/2019 0.01
10/14/2019 T
10/15/2019 0.00
10/16/2019 0.12
10/17/2019 0.74
10/18/2019 0.55
10/19/2019 0.92
10/20/2019 0.52
10/21/2019 0.09
10/22/2019 0.64
10/23/2019 0.01
10/24/2019 T
10/25/2019 T
10/26/2019 0.06
10/27/2019 0.05
10/28/2019 T
10/29/2019 0.00
10/30/2019 0.00
10/31/2019 0.00
11/1/2019 0.00
11/2/2019 0.00
11/3/2019 0.00
11/4/2019 0.00
11/5/2019 T
11/6/2019 T
11/7/2019 0.00
11/8/2019 0.00
11/9/2019 0.00
11/10/2019 0.04
11/11/2019 T
11/12/2019 0.02
11/13/2019 0.27
11/14/2019 T
11/15/2019 0.30
11/16/2019 0.06
11/17/2019 T
11/18/2019 0.13
11/19/2019 0.73
11/20/2019 0.07
11/21/2019 0.01
11/22/2019 0.00
11/23/2019 0.00
11/24/2019 0.15
11/25/2019 0.40
11/26/2019 0.19
11/27/2019 0.01
11/28/2019 0.00
11/29/2019 0.00
11/30/2019 0.00
12/1/2019 0.19
12/2/2019 0.00
12/3/2019 0.00
12/4/2019 0.00
12/5/2019 0.00
12/6/2019 0.00
12/7/2019 0.38
12/8/2019 0.86
12/9/2019 0.02
12/10/2019 0.01
12/11/2019 0.27
12/12/2019 0.71
12/13/2019 0.63
12/14/2019 0.13
12/15/2019 0.08
12/16/2019 0.02
12/17/2019 0.00
12/18/2019 0.01
12/19/2019 0.52
12/20/2019 0.62
12/21/2019 0.43
12/22/2019 0.62
12/23/2019 **
12/24/2019 **
12/25/2019 **
12/26/2019 **
12/27/2019 **
12/28/2019 M 0.65
12/29/2019 0.01
12/30/2019 T
12/31/2019 0.02
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
1/1/2020 0.91
1/2/2020 0.10
1/3/2020 0.11
1/4/2020 0.62
1/5/2020 0.30
1/6/2020 0.70
1/7/2020 0.07
1/8/2020 0.45
1/9/2020 0.38
1/10/2020 0.25
1/11/2020 0.92
1/12/2020 0.82
1/13/2020 0.44
1/14/2020 0.91
1/15/2020 0.09
1/16/2020 0.91
1/17/2020 0.07
1/18/2020 **
1/19/2020 **
1/20/2020 **
1/21/2020 0.89
1/22/2020 0.43
1/23/2020 0.54
1/24/2020 0.94
1/25/2020 0.09
1/26/2020 0.43
1/27/2020 0.17
1/28/2020 1.58
1/29/2020 0.23
1/30/2020 0.64
1/31/2020 0.22
2/1/2020 0.21
2/2/2020 0.19
2/3/2020 0.07
2/4/2020 0.00
2/5/2020 1.06
2/6/2020 0.43
2/7/2020 0.71
2/8/2020 0.49
2/9/2020 0.18
2/10/2020 0.01
2/11/2020 T
2/12/2020 0.07
2/13/2020 0.01
2/14/2020 0.26
2/15/2020 0.38
2/16/2020 1.14
2/17/2020 0.19
2/18/2020 0.01
2/19/2020 0.01
2/20/2020 T
2/21/2020 0.00
2/22/2020 **
2/23/2020 **
2/24/2020 0.33
2/25/2020 T
2/26/2020 T
2/27/2020 T
2/28/2020 T
2/29/2020 0.42
3/1/2020 0.54
3/2/2020 0.01
3/3/2020 0.31
3/4/2020 0.12
3/5/2020 T
3/6/2020 T
3/7/2020 0.43
3/8/2020 0.22
3/9/2020 0.02
3/10/2020 T
3/11/2020 0.01
3/12/2020 0.02
3/13/2020 0.00
3/14/2020 0.71
3/15/2020 T
3/16/2020 0.00
3/17/2020 0.00
3/18/2020 0.00
3/19/2020 0.00
3/20/2020 0.00
3/21/2020 0.00
3/22/2020 0.00
3/23/2020 0.12
3/24/2020 0.56
3/25/2020 0.77
3/26/2020 0.01
3/27/2020 0.04
3/28/2020 0.47
3/29/2020 0.49
3/30/2020 0.44
3/31/2020 0.74
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
4/1/2020 0.67
4/2/2020 0.11
4/3/2020 0.38
4/4/2020 0.08
4/5/2020 0.05
4/6/2020 0.01
4/7/2020 0.00
4/8/2020 0.00
4/9/2020 0.00
4/10/2020 0.00
4/11/2020 0.00
4/12/2020 0.00
4/13/2020 0.00
4/14/2020 0.00
4/15/2020 0.06
4/16/2020 0.03
4/17/2020 0.00
4/18/2020 0.05
4/19/2020 0.13
4/20/2020 T
4/21/2020 0.01
4/22/2020 0.12
4/23/2020 0.46
4/24/2020 0.04
4/25/2020 0.26
4/26/2020 0.15
4/27/2020 0.32
4/28/2020 0.03
4/29/2020 T
4/30/2020 0.14
5/1/2020 0.01
5/2/2020 0.10
5/3/2020 0.70
5/4/2020 0.18
5/5/2020 0.02
5/6/2020 0.09
5/7/2020 0.20
5/8/2020 T
5/9/2020 0.00
5/10/2020 0.00
5/11/2020 0.00
5/12/2020 0.20
5/13/2020 0.74
5/14/2020 0.06
5/15/2020 0.74
5/16/2020 0.02
5/17/2020 0.44
5/18/2020 0.59
5/19/2020 0.73
5/20/2020 0.38
5/21/2020 0.69
5/22/2020 0.67
5/23/2020 **
5/24/2020 **
5/25/2020 0.24
5/26/2020 0.13
5/27/2020 0.01
5/28/2020 0.00
5/29/2020 0.00
5/30/2020 0.10
5/31/2020 0.50
6/1/2020 0.01
6/2/2020 0.00
6/3/2020 0.00
6/4/2020 0.00
6/5/2020 0.00
6/6/2020 0.42
6/7/2020 0.40
6/8/2020 0.86
6/9/2020 0.92
6/10/2020 0.42
6/11/2020 0.02
6/12/2020 **
6/13/2020 0.41
6/14/2020 0.79
6/15/2020 0.54
6/16/2020 0.46
6/17/2020 0.20
6/18/2020 0.00
6/19/2020 0.00
6/20/2020 0.07
6/21/2020 0.47
6/22/2020 0.01
6/23/2020 0.00
6/24/2020 0.00
6/25/2020 0.00
6/26/2020 0.00
6/27/2020 0.00
6/28/2020 0.11
6/29/2020 0.07
6/30/2020 0.16
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
7/1/2020 0.03
7/2/2020 0.08
7/3/2020 0.00
7/4/2020 0.00
7/5/2020 0.00
7/6/2020 0.00
7/7/2020 0.16
7/8/2020 0.18
7/9/2020 0.00
7/10/2020 0.00
7/11/2020 0.00
7/12/2020 0.00
7/13/2020 0.01
7/14/2020 0.00
7/15/2020 0.00
7/16/2020 0.00
7/17/2020 0.09
7/18/2020 T
7/19/2020 0.00
7/20/2020 0.00
7/21/2020 0.00
7/22/2020 0.02
7/23/2020 0.00
7/24/2020 0.00
7/25/2020 0.00
7/26/2020 0.00
7/27/2020 0.00
7/28/2020 0.00
7/29/2020 0.00
7/30/2020 0.00
7/31/2020 0.00
8/1/2020 0.00
8/2/2020 0.00
8/3/2020 0.00
8/4/2020 0.00
8/5/2020 0.00
8/6/2020 0.16
8/7/2020 0.29
8/8/2020 T
8/9/2020 0.00
8/10/2020 0.00
8/11/2020 0.00
8/12/2020 0.00
8/13/2020 0.00
8/14/2020 0.00
8/15/2020 0.00
8/16/2020 0.00
8/17/2020 0.00
8/18/2020 0.00
8/19/2020 T
8/20/2020 0.00
8/21/2020 0.00
8/22/2020 0.39
8/23/2020 T
8/24/2020 T
8/25/2020 T
8/26/2020 T
8/27/2020 T
8/28/2020 T
8/29/2020 0.02
8/30/2020 0.00
8/31/2020 T
9/1/2020 0.00
9/2/2020 0.00
9/3/2020 T
9/4/2020 0.00
9/5/2020 0.00
9/6/2020 0.00
9/7/2020 0.00
9/8/2020 0.00
9/9/2020 0.00
9/10/2020 0.00
9/11/2020 0.00
9/12/2020 0.00
9/13/2020 0.00
9/14/2020 0.00
9/15/2020 0.00
9/16/2020 0.00
9/17/2020 0.00
9/18/2020 0.05
9/19/2020 0.29
9/20/2020 0.03
9/21/2020 0.00
9/22/2020 0.04
9/23/2020 0.00
9/24/2020 1.29
9/25/2020 0.49
9/26/2020 0.29
9/27/2020 0.10
9/28/2020 T
9/29/2020 0.00
9/30/2020 0.00



Observation Date Observation Time Precipitation Snowfall Snowfall SWE Snow Depth Snow SWE Notes
10/1/2019 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M Clear blue sky, sunny and cold, DBOP
10/2/2019 9:25 AM T M M M M Clear blue sky, wisps of white, more clouds and DBOP to the west
10/3/2019 9:25 AM 0.16 M M M M bright light, white sky with peeks of blue
10/4/2019 9:25 AM 0.21 M M M M overcast
10/5/2019 9:25 AM 0.07 M M M M sunny and bright, s few clouds and DBOP to the west
10/6/2019 9:25 AM T M M M M pale blue sky, sunshine, DBOP
10/7/2019 9:25 AM T M M M M wet grass, blue sky with a few wisps of white, DBOP
10/8/2019 9:25 AM 0.35 M M M M overcast; soft white sky beginning to clear to blue
10/9/2019 9:25 AM 0.22 M M M M Brought in the ET last night as supposed to be below freezing, but no frost
10/10/2019 9:25 AM T M M M M frost, clear pale blue sky, sunshine, DBOP. The next week looks like it won't get below freezing again; wondering whether I should put ET out again.
10/11/2019 9:25 AM T M M M M wet grass, blue sky striped with contrails, white haze and DBOP in the west
10/12/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Wet grass. Overcast but bright light. No more freezing temps predicted for a week so I set the ET back outside last night.
10/13/2019 9:10 AM 0.01 M M M M The world looks as if there has been a good rain, but only a scant .01 in the gage. Overcast sky, blue showing through.
10/14/2019 9:25 AM T M M M M blue sky with wisps of white, haze and DBOP to the west
10/15/2019 8:50 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, overcast sky, with blue showing through, DBOP
10/16/2019 9:25 AM 0.12 M M M M desultory rain; raining harder soon
10/17/2019 9:25 AM 0.74 M M M M overcast, not raining, rain began soon
10/18/2019 9:25 AM 0.55 M M M M overcast but bright, not raining when I checked the gage, but raining now as I record this
10/19/2019 7:25 AM 0.92 M M M M Raining; soon a rain break. Spent the day at Nesika in the total burn area of the Eagle Creek fire, above Multnomah Falls, cutting back around our little reforestation seedlings. The great trees, so beautiful even in death, massive, black, straight to the sky, patterns of roots, bark, elegant textures and designs, a dignified landscape, lightened by exuberant ground cover, contrasting bright greens against the black. Still breaks my heart every time; even one of these great trees burned and dead would break my heart, and there are thousands. I got diverted from what I wanted to say, Cocorah say, was that it poured rain, pounded down hail, lots of hail, and the wind howled through, making us feel at danger from the swaying dead trees. We had to chainsaw through 4 fallen trees to get through the forest roads; yesterday's work party had to get through 5.
10/20/2019 11:00 AM 0.52 M M M M raining. Sorry about the late entry. On the phone to Apple Support all am, auwe.
10/21/2019 8:40 AM 0.09 M M M M overcast
10/22/2019 9:25 AM 0.64 M M M M overcast, light mist
10/23/2019 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M The world looks like we had a real rain, but only .01 in the gage. Overcast sky, later sunshine.
10/24/2019 9:25 AM T M M M M wet world, sunny clear sky, DBOP
10/25/2019 9:25 AM T M M M M wet, overcast
10/26/2019 7:45 AM 0.06 M M M M a bunched up grey-white sky, blue beginning to show through
10/27/2019 9:25 AM 0.05 M M M M frost on the grass, bright sunny clear sky, DBOP. Up at Nesika above Multnomah Falls again yesterday; evening hail storm began about 4:45 I think, kept going long enough to turn the trails and forest roads white. I brought in the ET for the season when I got home from Nesika.
10/28/2019 9:25 AM T M M M M wet and frosty grass, a beautiful lacy white lattice over a sunny blue sky, DBOP. ET is retired until spring.
10/29/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry, cold clear, windy. NOAA says east wind, when I toss up leaves seems to be from the south. Trees are whipping, lots of blow down.
10/30/2019 7:15 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry, cold, min frost as too dry, darkish but probably clear
10/31/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry, cold somber light, minimal touches of frost, DBOP
11/1/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Dry, sunny blue sky, bigger and wider DBOP
11/2/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry grass, no frost, blue sky with wisps of white, DBOP
11/3/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry grass, clear sunny sky with a rare wisp of white, DBOP. I am beginning to worry about all my plants, especially the blueberries, with no rain and no dew for so long. Does not look like anything until Saturday. I put away all hoses and disconnected the irrigation system.... do I need to get everything going again to water?
11/4/2019 8:30 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Wet world, as if it had rained, but nothing in the gage. Pale clear sky, DBOP
11/5/2019 9:00 AM T M M M M a wet world again, this time with a trace in the gage, almost making .01, mist in the ravine, mist here as well as the sunbeams take form from the fine droplets in the air. sky is blue with areas of streaky white, sunshine, DBOP. A morning cough in honor of the air quality alert...
11/6/2019 9:25 AM T M M M M a very wet world again, with almost 0.01 in the gage. blue sky, wisps of white, clouds and DBOP in the west.
11/7/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Barely wet grass, soft white sky with a faint blue tint, DBOP
11/8/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M damp grass, pale blue sky lightly dusted with white
11/9/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, overcast sky with somber light,a touch of moisture in the air. Sun lovers, those who seek intractable, unremitting sunshine, might call this light gloomy, but I prefer to call it soft and gentle. Only those who stay indoors would feel this soft light is gloomy, and accuse NW Oregon of inducing SAD
11/10/2019 9:15 AM 0.04 M M M M Mist to the ground
11/11/2019 9:25 AM T M M M M A wet world, blue sky with just the lightest dusting of white, and an occasional wisp, sunshine. DBOP not so dark, but broad.
11/12/2019 9:20 AM 0.02 M M M M A light rain, definitely rain, but filling the air with mistiness and with a soft decrease in visibility. I begin to cough and wheeze as soon as I step outside, in spite of the improved air quality announcement.
11/13/2019 9:25 AM 0.27 M M M M sunny and bright, clear blue sky, a cloud bank lying on the western horizon.The rain yesterday was for the most part light and pleasant. I did not really get wet hiking the stream loop, just refreshed.
11/14/2019 8:30 AM T M M M M a wet world and white sky, with bits of blue showing in the west, DBOP
11/15/2019 8:15 AM 0.30 M M M M raining lightly
11/16/2019 9:25 AM 0.06 M M M M bright light, a rippling white sky, blue in the troughs, DBOP
11/17/2019 9:25 AM T M M M M Wet world, moist air, overcast sky
11/18/2019 9:25 AM 0.13 M M M M a lovely three dimensional impressionist's sky in daubs of greys and whites, a puffy white cloud bank on the western horizon sitting above the City of Roses, and a single bank of blue sky just above
11/19/2019 9:25 AM 0.73 M M M M Mist to the ground
11/20/2019 9:25 AM 0.07 M M M M sunny blue sky, DBOP is paler today
11/21/2019 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M Sunny and bright, clear blue sky with a fragile fingernail moon floating over the treetops, DBOP
11/22/2019 7:45 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M frosty grass, clear sunny sky, DBOP. Spent the day trail clearing; a small red radio flyer wagon is NOT the best way to get two sled dogs to take the chainsaws down the trail and bring logs back.
11/23/2019 7:30 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Frpsty grass, clear sky with the occasional tiny daub of white lace, DBOP
11/24/2019 9:20 AM 0.15 M M M M Mist to the ground, a soft, wet world. Wind and maybe snow predicted for the day before Thanksgiving; almost a guarantee for power outage. Will I be able to bake my pies? Or do I need to bake on Tuesday, though less fresh and deliciously just out of the oven...
11/25/2019 9:00 AM 0.40 M M M M Mist to the ground, lifted early and remained longer in the canyon.
11/26/2019 9:25 AM 0.19 M M M M a fine misty rain, overcast sky
11/27/2019 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M A white textured sky, some blue showing. The tiniest possible snowflakes last night, not surviving any landings. I brought in the inner cylinder. I brought in some hummingbird feeders, hoping there will be some liquid unfrozen in the others left out in case I don't get them back outside in time in the morning. I have been told in this weather, temps in the 20s, that the hummers die if they don't get food as soon as they wake up.
11/28/2019 8:30 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Dry grass, minimal frost, clear sky with dabs of fragile white, DBOP. Happy Thanksgiving!
11/29/2019 8:20 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M frosty grass, clear sky
11/30/2019 9:15 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M frosty grass, clear sky with an occasional dab of wispy white, haze and DBOP to the west
12/1/2019 9:25 AM 0.19 0.2 M T M The snow fell before midnight; white patio stones, patchy white grass. Already melting. All in the gauge is snow. A blue and white sky, now more overcast.
12/2/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M T M bright and sunny, clear sky, patch snow remains, DBOP more yellowish today
12/3/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M T M a wet world, shows how well melting snow works to keep things wet without new precipitation, blue and white sky, mostly white with bits of blue
12/4/2019 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, textured white sky
12/5/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, overcast sky, DBOP. Volunteered with Trailkeepers of Oregon yesterday building box step for Oxbow park
12/6/2019 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, blue and white sky, DBOP
12/7/2019 8:45 AM 0.38 M M M M Mist to the ground. Raining. Went to Timber for a salmon welcoming gathering, but the stream--like mine-- is too low still. No salmon seen. Lots of good food and beautiful forest.
12/8/2019 8:30 AM 0.86 M M M M mist, overcast, not raining. A soft day. Nordic skiing at Teacup was surprisingly lovely, in spite of such scant snow. Scant snow, low streams, worry that we are doing so little about climate change. The most significant part of the 11,000 scientists letter was the conclusion that we must stop measuring success and economic health by GDP, by making and consuming, but just the opposite. No one seems to have noticed.
12/9/2019 9:25 AM 0.02 M M M M a sunny wet world, blue sky lightly streaked with white, DBOP as I am entering this, but the west hills were pretty clear behind the City of Roses earlier
12/10/2019 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M A wet world, water dripping off the gauge, only 0.01 inside. A soft white sky, some blue showing. Hard to tell whether there is DBOP, thicker grey in the west, maybe a little bit yellow-brown to indicate DBOP is still there.
12/11/2019 9:25 AM 0.27 M M M M a beautiful textured grey on grey sky; not raining now
12/12/2019 11:30 AM 0.71 M M M M Sorry about the late gage check. Again, a thick, textured grey on grey sky, this time rushing south to north, not quite raining, moisture in the air. At 1:20 there was a hailstorm followed by drenching rain, then thunder. The hail was violent enough that it scared the dogs.
12/13/2019 8:50 AM 0.63 M M M M a blue and white sky, not raining, finally snowing at Teacup
12/14/2019 9:25 AM 0.13 M M M M textured white on gray, bits of blue showing, darker grey to the west
12/15/2019 9:25 AM 0.08 M M M M
12/16/2019 9:25 AM 0.02 M M M M a soft white sky with blue showing
12/17/2019 7:20 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M frost
12/18/2019 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M overcast
12/19/2019 9:25 AM 0.52 M M M M Overcast. Light rain.
12/20/2019 9:25 AM 0.62 M M M M overcast
12/21/2019 9:25 AM 0.43 M M M M Steady rain, not hard rain, not light, Mama Bear rain I guess
12/22/2019 8:45 AM 0.62 M M M M overcast Happy Holidays to Noah and all the dedicated CoCoRahs staff! May we all get a good deep snow pack for Christmas, to bring a healthy new year to all our aquatic friends.
12/28/2019 9:13 AM M M M M M This a a multiday report accidentally put in as 12/28. I have tried repeatedly to delete, as it will not let me correctly submit the multiday report instead. 12/23-28. Help, Noah. A lovely blue and white sky. Cloud bank over Portland, and yes, though the clouds make it harder to tell, I think there is a DBOP. DBOP notwithstanding, it is so good to be back to the trees, the dogs and cats.
12/29/2019 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M overcast
12/30/2019 6:50 AM T M M M M dark
12/31/2019 9:00 AM 0.02 M M M M a light misty rain in the air
1/1/2020 9:25 AM 0.91 M M M M Somber light, light rain. A thin sliver of blue over the City of Roses. Thank goodness for a substantial rain day as we head into the new year. Hau'oli Makahiki Hou and mahalo nui loa to all the CoCoRahs folks!
1/2/2020 9:25 AM 0.10 M M M M overcast. A few desultory drops of rain.
1/3/2020 9:25 AM 0.11 M M M M Blue sky showing through soft white
1/4/2020 8:55 AM 0.62 M M M M blue sky covered with lacy white, moving briskly northward, haze obscures the City of Roses in the west
1/5/2020 9:25 AM 0.30 M M M M overcast; mist in the canyon
1/6/2020 9:25 AM 0.70 M M M M raining. wind high and loud in the treetops. Hail twice yesterday, 2:25 and again a little after 4.
1/7/2020 7:30 AM 0.07 M M M M
1/8/2020 7:05 AM 0.45 M M M M dark. It snowed tonight. very wet snow.
1/9/2020 9:25 AM 0.38 T M T M .20 rain, .18 melted snow. Snow was coming down at 6 last night, was about a half inch by 10:30, now retreating. Overcast sky.
1/10/2020 9:25 AM 0.25 0.0 M 0.0 M Overcast, not raining, but raining by the time I write this. Looks like at long last we will get significant amounts of snow in the mountains. Snow is all gone here.
1/11/2020 9:25 AM 0.92 0.0 M 0.0 M Overcast. Stream is finally back to normal winter levels, with the head of the hippopotamus rock under water.
1/12/2020 9:25 AM 0.82 M M M M raining
1/13/2020 9:25 AM 0.44 T M T M snowing lightly, or at least I think it is snow, by the lightness with which it descends, and its gentle slant from south to north. But when it lands on me, it looks more like a cluster of ice bits, a more sleety kind of precipitation. As I watch out the window now, getting ready for our stream walk, it switches back and forth from big fat definitely snowflakes, to the tiny bits of whiteness. I will delay the stream walk then, as long as I can, in hopes of finding a wintery post card of stream and white.
1/14/2020 9:25 AM 0.91 M M 4.0 M 4 to 6 inches deep and snowing. It was supposed to be snowing all the way down into the city of Portland, but only a little way down Trout Creek Rd it changed to rain. My fears of getting down the Gordon Creek sitchbacks were unfounded. However, it sounds like I will be dealing with black ice when I go to town the next two mornings. The drive in and out yesterday was completely blocked by tangles of small branches, hanging down with the weight of wet snow. I had to blindly plunge through, hoping there was nothing big enough to stop me.
1/15/2020 9:25 AM 0.09 M M 4.5 M A soft white sky, still beautiful here. A snowy walk to the stream yesterday. Home late last night to a dark blue sky clean washed by snow, bright stars, a white world surrounded by the tall conifers, the tops of their dark green branches bright white with snow. If it had not been so late and cold, I would have just stayed there, drinking it all in.
1/16/2020 8:20 AM 0.91 M M 3.0 M snowing
1/17/2020 8:30 AM 0.07 M M 3.0 M snowing
1/22/2020 8:00 AM 0.43 M M M M raining
1/23/2020 9:25 AM 0.54 M M M M overcast. The rain yesterday was part way between rain and snow, opaque as it fell, water on the ground, perhaps sleet, though gentler than I think of sleet as being
1/24/2020 9:25 AM 0.94 M M M M overcast. witch hazel is in full bloom. Bird song at the stream a couple days ago
1/25/2020 9:25 AM 0.09 M M M M a cheerful sunny day, a soft white sky with lots of blue showing, everchanging, moving from southwest to northeast. stream continues bankfull
1/26/2020 9:25 AM 0.43 M M M M a grey and white textured sky, moving again from SW to NE.
1/27/2020 9:25 AM 0.17 M M M M a white sky but bright light; not raining. Later steady rain, and a more subdued winter light
1/28/2020 10:45 AM 1.58 M M M M Steady rain.
1/29/2020 7:45 AM 0.23 M M M M raining
1/30/2020 8:55 AM 0.64 M M M M Loopy textured white sky, blue showing, blue all around the edges
1/31/2020 9:25 AM 0.22 M M M M Grey sky, bright light
2/1/2020 9:25 AM 0.21 M M M M raining
2/2/2020 7:20 AM 0.19 M M M M
2/3/2020 9:05 AM 0.07 T M T M .02 rain as of last night, .07 snow melted this am. A lovely soft misty day, dusted with white.
2/4/2020 9:05 AM 0.00 0.0 M T M frost, a bright white sky
2/5/2020 9:25 AM 1.06 M M M M steady rain. Metro came up yesterday to consider my property for a conservation easement. I almost wrote no wind, as tree branches were still, but looked out again to see the branches waving. I guess that equals gusts.Even the low branches were waving though; I more often have wind only in the treetops, not coming down to ground level
2/6/2020 9:25 AM 0.43 M M M M overcast
2/7/2020 9:25 AM 0.71 M M M M mist in the canyon, overcast sky, fine moisture in the air
2/8/2020 9:25 AM 0.49 M M M M lightly raining; extremely windy last night, came in gusts, felt like it was trying to blow the roof off. Have not found uprooted trees yet, but have not been down the trails.
2/9/2020 9:25 AM 0.18 M M M M mist to the ground earlier, gone by the time I checked the gage, now a soft white sky bunching up and clearing to China blue.
2/10/2020 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M sunshine, blue sky, "not a cloud is in the sky," except for a cloud bank on the western horizon, and yes, DBOP. The world is wet, as if there had been real rain, though only .01 in the gage
2/11/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M a soft, white sky
2/12/2020 8:25 AM 0.07 M M M M soft white sky, beginning to clear to blue
2/13/2020 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M a soft day, soft grey sky, mist in the canyon
2/14/2020 9:25 AM 0.26 M M M M a soft grey sky, mist to the ground early, then mist in the canyon, clearing and retreating over the morning hours
2/15/2020 10:20 AM 0.38 M M M M Raining, not hard, not soft, a Mama Bear rain. Yesterday got out the gorilla cart, threw in chainsaw and protective gear, and the dogs ran and hid in the house. Got them hitched, headed out to take care of another tree fallen across the trail, and a wheel fell off. Only the second or third time I've used the gorilla. Back to the little red Radio Flyer wagon....
2/16/2020 9:25 AM 1.14 M M M M overcast, not raining
2/17/2020 9:25 AM 0.19 M M M M sunny blue sky, soft white clouds
2/18/2020 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M Clear blue sky, sunshine, and FROST! A glorious day in the woods, on the trails, sunbeams lighting up mossy branches, licorice ferns silhouetted against the sky, trees as clear in the mirror of the stream as standing on the banks. Still have not figured out how to upload photos for field day.
2/19/2020 7:20 AM 0.01 M M M M Clear sky, still pale, just a touch of frost, DBOP
2/20/2020 8:15 AM T M M M M Sunny blue sky,with a few bold strokes of cloud calligraphy
2/21/2020 8:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M barely damp grass, touch of frost, clear sky, mild DBOP
2/25/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M wet grass, sunny clear blue sky, DBOP
2/26/2020 8:15 AM T M M M M a fine misty rain
2/27/2020 7:45 AM T M M M M wet grass, clear sky, DBOP
2/28/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M wet grass, blue sky with broad, soft brushstrokes of white, DBOP. As usual, the soft touches of cloud move from southwest to northeast
2/29/2020 9:25 AM 0.42 M M M M a moderate, mama bear rain is falling steadily hail began a little before noon, ceased about 1:15. Enough hail that now everything is white
3/1/2020 9:25 AM 0.54 T M T M Mist to the ground earlier, overcast now. Yesterday alternating hail and rain all afternoon. Ground was white, trails white. Hail got smaller later on, almost verging on snow. The trace "snow" this am is really the remains of hail.
3/2/2020 8:25 AM 0.01 M M M M Misty rain, mist in the canyon.
3/3/2020 9:15 AM 0.31 M M M M sky a deep soft white, blue showing, the City of Roses lit up in the west
3/4/2020 8:05 AM 0.12 M M M M Mist to the ground earlier, sunny with blue and white sky now
3/5/2020 9:00 AM T M M M M pale blue sky with broad, gauzy swooshes of white
3/6/2020 7:50 AM T M M M M overcast
3/7/2020 9:25 AM 0.43 M M M M A cheery blue and white sky, Portland sitting prettily visible under the fluffy cloud bank
3/8/2020 9:25 AM 0.22 M M M M sunshine, pale blue sky lightly covered in transparent white, tall cloud bank on the western horizon is slightly dirty in color
3/9/2020 9:25 AM 0.02 M M M M frosty grass, sunny clear sky, a small cloud bank in the west
3/10/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M frosty grass, sunshine, pale blue sky becoming white in the west, DBOP
3/11/2020 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M a wet world, looks like more rain than 0.1 inches has come down, overcast sky, mist in the canyon, moisture in the air
3/12/2020 9:25 AM 0.02 M M M M wet grass, blue sky, soft white clouds, DBOP
3/13/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M grey sky, began snowing light small flakes at 10
3/14/2020 9:00 AM 0.71 2.0 M 2.0 M a white world, soft grey sky, then the sun comes out. Trillium emerging through snow an amazing sight for a trillium lover like me. snow is 2-21/2 inches deep, I recorded the lower number
3/15/2020 9:25 AM T M M T M snow is patchy now, still 1/2 to 1 inch deep in places. Fine light snow fell last night. Ice here and there. sunny clear blue sky; DBOP
3/16/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Dry grass, blue sky covered in gauzy white, sunshine
3/17/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry grass, clear sunny sky, DBOP
3/18/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M damp grass, overcast sky
3/19/2020 8:30 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry grass, clear sunny blue sky, DBOP. Allergy season is here, and all allergy shots cancelled by the clinic I go to. I hope all the wonderful CoCoRahs people are staying well!
3/20/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Wet grass, clear sunny blue sky, DBOP
3/21/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Wet grass, sunny blue sky with a few wisps of white moving leisurely SW to NE, DBOP. Noah, you are inspiring,
3/22/2020 9:20 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, clear sunny sky, DBOP
3/23/2020 11:00 AM 0.12 M M M M I apologize for the late gauge reading. Raining lightly. A busy day, waiting for a lull in the rain to take the dogs to the stream. Late afternoon, rain ceased, put on my boots, then there was a veritable downpour, mainly sleet. Brief, then the sun came out. Glorious. Brief as well. Pummeled by hail 5:45-6:15. How I enjoy a hike in the ever changing Oregon weather.
3/24/2020 9:25 AM 0.56 M M M M a soft white sky, moving north-northeast, separating here and there with blue showing through, bright soft light diffusing through the bright soft sky
3/25/2020 7:20 AM 0.77 2.0 M 2.0 M I woke to a white world--NOAA did not prepare me. 0.25 inches of water in the gauge, and a snowball on top. 2-2.5 inches of snow on the ground, Christmas card conifers and delicate white branched hardwoods. A beautiful day, snow, rain, hail around noon, sun going in and out of clouds, never staying for long, but kept returning and lighting up the white. Another chance to see trillium in the snow. If I get corona, and even die from it, at least I can die happy and grateful, a day of the magic of spring woods in snow.
3/26/2020 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M a blue and white sky, sun coming through off and on, fine moisture in the air. Almost all the snow around the house had melted away by yesterday evening, occasional patches in shade remain. On yesterday's county map, no one else seemed to have much snow. My lovely snow day was a gift to just this neighborhood?
3/27/2020 9:25 AM 0.04 M M M M overcast sky, fine moisture in the air, a wet world
3/28/2020 9:25 AM 0.47 M M M M overcast, the lightest, finest rain drifting down
3/29/2020 9:25 AM 0.49 M M M M bright light, grey-white overcast skies, fine moisture in the air.
3/30/2020 9:25 AM 0.44 M M M M overcast sky, desultory rain
3/31/2020 9:25 AM 0.74 M M M M mist to the ground. 11:48am, just started too hail. Followed a nice sun break, in which I put on boots, ready to hit the trails, and then, hail, nice and hard.
4/1/2020 7:00 AM 0.67 T M T M Snowing, light and soft. There was .48 water in the gauge. I fumbled and dropped the top funnel, which I had not removed---it is April!--so the total is not accurate. I put the funnel in a bowl and let what was left melt. I did not clean the sides of the funnel, since part of what was inside was lost. I made my first trip to a real store since the stay home began. When I returned, very little snow remained. I have to decide whether to do any planting, or feed the blueberries, or wait for some warmth. Much has already bloomed, and no pollinators are braving the cold and wet. This may be the third year of little fruit, due each year to lovely warmth and sunshine, blossoming, then cold and wet, and no pollination. Besides which industrial forestry aerial pesticide spraying--presumably, per timing-- wiped out the two big wild bee hives in snags that I knew about.
4/2/2020 9:25 AM 0.11 M M M M Overcast when I checked the gauge. Since I am entering this a day late, I can say that it was a day of that bone-chilling wet cold, rain, hail, snow, with interspersed gorgeous sunbreaks. My daily trail hike with the dogs was postponed until evening, with slanting sunbeams lighting up the moss covered big leaf maple, their exuberance of licorice ferns outlined against the sky. It began to hail and rain and chill my bones again before I got back home, but I did not mind after all that glowing green and gold.
4/3/2020 8:00 AM 0.38 T M T M Hail, rain, snow yesterday as well as today. The T is left over hail from yesterday; was overcast but not precipitating yet when I checked the gauge. The local folks here are saying, see, there is no global warming, just a hoax. The fruit trees and blueberries radiate a strong sense of betrayal.
4/4/2020 9:25 AM 0.08 M M M M sunny and bright. Now if only some pollinators would show up.
4/5/2020 9:25 AM 0.05 M M M M the lightest bit of moisture in the air, soft blue and white sky, sunshine coming and going.
4/6/2020 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M overcast
4/7/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, clear sunny skies, occasional soft white cloud drifting lazily north. Trillium continue to move me; walking the trails is a trillium love affair.
4/8/2020 8:15 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, clear sunny blue sky, DBOP.
4/9/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wettish grass, clear sunny skies, haze and DBOP on the western horizon. Metro was here again yesterday, their forester consultant helping to evaluate my land for a conservation easement. The trillium, bleeding heart, wild ginger, wood sorrel, waterleaf, corydalis, ferns, ferns ferns, the trees, cedar, hemlock, doug fir, alder big leaf maple oh moss and fern covered big leaf maple, indian plum, all conspired to entrance and entangle her in lush spring beauty until she could not be objective but just in awe. Being locked in then released for a day into spring woods, masked and six feet apart, dogs left behind as too loving to handle six foot distancing, sunshine and fern shadows, moss lit up and glowing green gold, I think her report will glow as well. But she does not make the decision.
4/10/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, thankfully, clear blue sky, sunshine, DBOP
4/11/2020 8:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Wet grass, overcast sky breaking up into blue and white
4/12/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, clear sunny sky, DBOP
4/13/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M damp grass, clear sunny sky, DBOP
4/14/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dampish grass, just, clear sunny sky, DBOP. If Portland is truly shut down, why do I keep seeing the dark smog band over our beautiful city?
4/15/2020 9:25 AM 0.06 M M M M Mist to the ground, fine moisture in the air, soft and lovely, fruit trees in bloom
4/16/2020 9:25 AM 0.03 M M M M blue sky just a bit of haze, sunny and bright, DBOP
4/17/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, blue sky, sunshine, DBOP
4/18/2020 9:25 AM 0.05 M M M M raining. a reluctant, desultory rain, but welcome nevertheless. My favorite bright orange fungi on logs had dried up and disappeared. The licorice ferns decorating the big leaf maple, making the forest so exuberantly green and conductive to "forest bathing," had begun to droop. May the gloriously sunny days be interspersed with days of rain.
4/19/2020 9:25 AM 0.13 M M M M wet grass, bright light, grey and white sky with peeks of blue
4/20/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M wet grass, clear blue sky, sunshine, DBOP. All sweet new leaves now on the hardwoods
4/21/2020 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M Mist in the canyon, the lightest misty rain here
4/22/2020 9:25 AM 0.12 M M M M raining
4/23/2020 9:25 AM 0.46 M M M M raining
4/24/2020 9:25 AM 0.04 M M M M overcast. But the world is so green, the brightness and greenness seem to light everything up.
4/25/2020 9:25 AM 0.26 M M M M raining
4/26/2020 9:25 AM 0.15 M M M M sunny and bright, blue sky with the lightest dusting of white. Yesterday I simply wrote "raining." And that was true. Then the rain stopped, the sun came out, and the trails were the kind of beautiful that makes me keep stopping to catch my breath. Green sorrel, bleeding heart, miner's lettuce, lily of the valley, stream violet, waterleaf, piggyback,hooker's fairy bells, all blooming, making patterns and designs with the shapes of their leaves, droplets of water glittering with the perfect round demonstration of surface tension, poised impossibly on tips and curves. Trillium now pink and purple, ridged seed pods beginning to bulge in their centers... how beautiful, every year again, how beautiful is spring.
4/27/2020 9:25 AM 0.32 M M M M misty rain, Ka'ua noe
4/28/2020 9:25 AM 0.03 M M M M sunshine, blue sky with soft white clouds
4/29/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M a blue and white cobblestone sky, DBOP
4/30/2020 9:25 AM 0.14 M M M M sunshine, blue sky with big soft white clouds, coalescing into giant puffy whites
5/1/2020 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M sunshine, clear blue sky, big DBOP. Overcast by the time I record this
5/2/2020 9:25 AM 0.10 M M M M an occasional ambivalent raindrop, then a more decisive but still desultory lot, now with more enthusiasm, raining
5/3/2020 9:25 AM 0.70 M M M M Sunshine, blue sky with soft white clouds drifting lazily northward
5/4/2020 9:25 AM 0.18 M M M M sunny and bright, clear skies, pale DBOP. I was caught in both sleet and hail again yesterday on the trails, but a lovely long sun break in between. It is most beautiful when the sun comes out after a good drenching. Unremitting sunshine just cannot compare.
5/5/2020 9:25 AM 0.02 M M M M Sunny and bright, blue sky with an occasional white wisp drifting north. DBOP
5/6/2020 8:45 AM 0.09 M M M M raining, as Winnie the Pooh might say, first it was then it wasn't then it was. It has stopped again just now, 10:30, sun coming out, always so lovely on these rainy days to have the isn't raining so liberally mixed in with the is.
5/7/2020 9:25 AM 0.20 M M M M wet grass, sunshine, clear sky, DBOP
5/8/2020 9:15 AM T M M M M trace and one ant. barely damp grass, clear sunny sky, big DBOP
5/9/2020 8:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, thank goodness, sunshine, clear blue sky with thin white clouds in the west, DBOP. Very windy yesterday and more so last night. brought back the dread of the Eagle Creek fire, hot, dry wind. It took me over 5 hrs to get both stream temperature monitors in yesterday. Tried a new route I won't try again.
5/10/2020 8:30 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Barely damp grass, sunshine, blue sky lightly dusted with white, DBOP
5/11/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, overcast sky but bright light. Yesterday my little "invisible" cat appeared to be nearing the end of her life, but comfortable and purring. Today closer, but no longer comfortable.
5/12/2020 9:25 AM 0.20 M M M M raining lightly. Later on (late entry) heavier rain, sun breaks, and some real downpours. I buried little Pele cat in the morning
5/13/2020 9:25 AM 0.74 M M M M Overcast but bright
5/14/2020 9:25 AM 0.06 M M M M a textured white sky, not raining when I checked th gauge, but rain off and on much of the day
5/15/2020 9:25 AM 0.74 M M M M overcast
5/16/2020 9:25 AM 0.02 M M M M overcast. Planted 10 tomato plants yesterday, but ave not tucked them in fully yet
5/17/2020 9:25 AM 0.44 M M M M sunshine, blue sky covered with brush strokes and swirls of white
5/18/2020 9:25 AM 0.59 M M M M A light touch of rain; enough to get damp but not wet as I collect slugs from the garden and take them to the giant compost bin
5/19/2020 9:25 AM 0.73 M M M M mist to the ground, misty drops on my face
5/20/2020 9:25 AM 0.38 M M M M mist to the ground, staring to lift, dripping trees makes it sound as if it is raining.
5/21/2020 9:25 AM 0.69 M M M M Mist to the ground, already lifting by the time I go to the gauge, overcast sky
5/22/2020 9:00 AM 0.67 M M M M raining. Mist earlier. Stream was high again yesterday. Hope the temperature monitors won't get damaged again like last year.
5/26/2020 9:25 AM 0.13 M M M M Bright light, soft white light, fine moisture in the air
5/27/2020 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M Wet, wet grass, clear blue sky, sunshine, and big DBOP. So many slugs, and seem to be more than one species, not counting the good guys in the forest.
5/28/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M damp grass, clear sunny sky with some streaky white clouds on the eastern and western edges
5/29/2020 8:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass think goodness, clear sky, sunshine, haze in the west with DBOP
5/30/2020 10:30 AM 0.10 M M M M Thunder, roll after roll, starting early, ?5 am, so loud it felt as if the house were shaking, lightening too, dry as a bone, I kept waiting for the world to burst into flame. Finally rain, about 7 I think. Not that much; the patio stones were dry again by 10:30. Another brief rain about 11:30, without the thunder and lightening. A drenching rain with more thunder began a little before three, as the dogs and I were returning from the stream. Power went out early, and stayed out until after 2. I hope there were no forest fires.
5/31/2020 9:25 AM 0.50 M M M M overcast sky, not raining. It continued to rain off and on through the night last night, but no more excitement. Power stayed on. Mist settled and rose in the evening, again this morning.
6/1/2020 8:30 AM 0.01 M M M M wet grass, clear sky, sunshine, a few clouds to the west, DBOP
6/2/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, blue sky with clouds to the west, a cheerful dab of white elsewhere here and there, doing the animal shapes thing, and big DBOP
6/3/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, a swirly white sky with blue showing
6/4/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Wet grass, muted light, a lovely lightly cobblestoned sky.
6/5/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, white sky, muted light
6/6/2020 9:25 AM 0.42 M M M M moderate steady rain
6/7/2020 9:25 AM 0.40 M M M M overcast.
6/8/2020 9:25 AM 0.86 M M M M overcast. It rained off and on yesterday, with a few bouts of absolute deluge, hard rain mixed with ice. I was caught out in this twice; only a minute or two to be drenched to the bone. Power stayed on.
6/9/2020 9:25 AM 0.92 M M M M raining
6/10/2020 9:25 AM 0.42 M M M M from memory, forgot to write down
6/11/2020 9:25 AM 0.02 M M M M from memory, forgot to write down
6/14/2020 9:25 AM 0.79 M M M M soft white sky with blue breaks and sun breaks
6/15/2020 9:25 AM 0.54 M M M M raining
6/16/2020 9:25 AM 0.46 M M M M raining
6/17/2020 9:25 AM 0.20 M M M M bright light. a soft grey and white sky.
6/18/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M soft white sky, soft mist in the trees, a soft sweet beginning to what turned out to be a warm sunny sky. The website appeared not to be working this morning. Taking an anniversary vacation I guess.
6/19/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, sunny clear sky overhead, haze and DBOP in the west
6/20/2020 9:25 AM 0.07 M M M M raining.
6/21/2020 9:25 AM 0.47 M M M M overcast
6/22/2020 9:00 AM 0.01 M M M M wet grass, blue sky without a cloud, hazy and DBOP western horizon. Neighbors came over to help repair the downed fence and broken gate, the entrance and exit of a bear.
6/23/2020 7:40 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, clear sunny sky, haze and DBOP in the west
6/24/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet, overcast, a young mother mouse with a baby attached was on the front passenger floor when I moved the car out of the way of the tractor.The air conditioning in the car started working again...... is there a cause and effect, mouse and the loud seemingly permanent demise of climate control a week ago? Patched together fence is holding together; no more bear incursions or dog adventures the woods without me.
6/25/2020 8:30 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, overcast sky, fine moisture in the air. I found my dog Badger with the body of the Douglas squirrel who raids the bird feeders all day long. A very obnoxious squirrel, but like most of the obnoxious who are in one's life everyday, I was very fond of him. Badger knows that is bad, and felt so guilty that he did not protest when I removed the body and took it out in the woods. He has been hanging his head and apologizing since.
6/26/2020 8:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, blue sunny sky with wisps of white, haze and big dark DBOP in the west. Fence guy is coming to finish fixing the fence damaged by bear and big snag. I had forgotten he is right wing pro-Trump. I asked him to remember his mask and he said he is not the mask wearing type. I told him I have a pregnant family member. Yesterday at the Grange I overheard a guy explaining to all who would listen that corona was just a weaponized flu. No mask on him, either.
6/27/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, a soft white sky, lightly textured with grey, moving north, occasionally separating to show a bit of blue. Looks like slug weather will be back, though my cauliflower heads laid out temptingly continued to collect scores (the old fashioned scores, 12 per score) of slugs even in the dry heat. Almost every one of my beloved trillium was eaten by deer or elk (or bear?) before its seed pod matured, but the hot weather induced a few of the remaining handful to open up, and drop seeds. Why does that make me so happy?
6/28/2020 9:25 AM 0.11 M M M M Raining, light but steady.
6/29/2020 9:25 AM 0.07 M M M M overcast
6/30/2020 9:00 AM 0.16 M M M M Raining lightly.
7/1/2020 9:25 AM 0.03 M M M M raining lightly
7/2/2020 9:25 AM 0.08 M M M M Overcast sky, bright light. Sunny later
7/3/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, overcast sky
7/4/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, overcast sky, raspberries are here.
7/5/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, overcast sky, dry air
7/6/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M damp grass, overcast sky. All these days I write overcast, the afternoons have been sunny. Spenser the hiking cat killed a lovely fledging bird this morning. I thought he was too old to get birds anymore. It is probably the 3 mile trail hikes he takes with me and the dogs every day that keep him fit enough. He ran and hid when I caught him with the corpse, still warm. He knows that hurting birds is very bad as far as humans are concerned.
7/7/2020 9:25 AM 0.16 M M M M raining gently
7/8/2020 9:25 AM 0.18 M M M M Blue sky mostly covered by puffy whites. The compost pail had over a hundred slugs from last night. they move quickly, making it to the lip when the lid is off to add new companions. Definitely upwardly mobile. And they use each other to climb up--- definitely social climbers. The median size and average size have both greatly increased. Many are as long as my foot when stretched out in racing mode. I think they just bulk up in the big compost bin, then return. I don't know why I bother to remove them when they have already eaten everything to the ground.
7/9/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, overcast sky
7/10/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, sunny blue and white cobblestone sky
7/11/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, blue sky overhead with an occasional wisp of white, what looks like a fog bank on the western hills behind Portland, and yes, DBOP
7/12/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry grass, overcast sky, light rain came later in the morning.
7/13/2020 9:25 AM 0.01 M M M M Wet grass, sunny blue sky overhead with an occasional dab of white, cruising from the southwest, monster DBOP in the west
7/14/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, sunny blue sky, DBOP
7/15/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, not a cloud is in the sky, big DBOP. raspberries arrived and getting overripe and shriveled before I can eat them. S;ugs have slowed in the heat, but still out working hard at night. Someone from the world of the wild cleaned out every one of the ripe berries on the heavily laden far blueberries. Many sadly broken. Do I want to continue hauling 5 gallon buckets of water to them, and watering with a yogurt container? It would be hard to desert them.
7/16/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, overcast sky. Earlier the sky was not so overcast, and an especially dark and Tolkienesque DBOP hung over Portland in the west
7/17/2020 9:25 AM 0.09 M M M M pleasantly moist air, overcast sky. The slugs find it pleasant also, and did not go to bed as usual when the sun came up. I have over a hundred in the compost pail, and will take them far out into the woods this time. I planted a big basil plant yesterday, and it is almost gone this morning. I imagined the fat slugs burping as I pulled them off and plopped them in the pail.
7/18/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M wet grass, clear sky, DBOP
7/19/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, clear sunny sky, DBOP
7/20/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Wet grass, clear sunny sky, big DBOP
7/21/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wettish grass, clear sunny sky, DBOP
7/22/2020 9:25 AM 0.02 M M M M Mist to the ground around 4-5am, now the world looks like a real rain occurred, but only .02, not enough for the trees to drink. Out to water. Or, maybe I will wait until everyone's leaves have dried
7/23/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry (yikes) grass, blue and white sky but not sunny, can't tell whether there is a DBOP
7/24/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Dry grass again. With the heat wave coming, I start to get forest fire paranoia. Subdued light today, grey and white sky.
7/25/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, thank goodness, clear sky overhead with the occasional soft white cloud, clouds and DBOP on the western horizon
7/26/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M mostly dry grass, a touch of damp down deep, a pale blue cloudless day, DBOP. Some wind; heat like this with wind always gives me forest fire fear. My gutter protection from a few years ago to my shock turned out to be foam. I expected meah. The leaves and needles sit on top, and water filters through. This works to keep the gutters from being blocked to water flow, but optimizes fire risk. The gutters are a banquet of flammables, and some plants are even growing on top of the foam, in the rich plant debris. What to do.... pull out all the foam? I don't want to hire someone to put on mesh screens with corona surging in Oregon. And debris would collect on top of mesh too, maybe just easier to clean off.
7/27/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry grass, not a cloud in the sky, DBOP
7/28/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Barely damp grass, cloudless sky, DBOP. Yard guests arriving tomorrow.
7/29/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M damp grass, sunny blue sky with playful curls of white dancing here and there, reminding me of Nimby, haze and DBOP in the west. Another full pail of slugs again last night, even though I swore off slug removal, as it does not help. I am quite sure now that when it looks like they are having orgies, that they are having orgies.
7/30/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M damp grass, at least in the shade, sunny, clear skies, DBOP. My yard guests arrived very late last night.
7/31/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry grass, not a cloud in the sky, DBOP
8/1/2020 8:40 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M damp grass, at least where it is longer, overcast sky.
8/2/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Wet grass, thank goodness, clear sky overhead with one progressively widening contrail, cloud banks and DBOP in the west
8/3/2020 9:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, clear sunny sky overhead, haze and DBOP in the west
8/4/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, sunshine, cloudless sky except in the west, with clouds and a very big DBOP on the western horizon.
8/5/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, wet clothes I forgot to bring in, now double dew rinsed instead of sun-dried, clear sky except for a few linear wisps of white, haze and DBOP in the west
8/6/2020 9:25 AM 0.16 M M M M raining. lovely rain. slugs are out in force; I filled a quart container with slugs, and could barely get the lid down. 5-6 on one little strawberry missed by the ground squirrels. Out to the forest they go. Perhaps like the pack rats they can travel many miles to come back to the place they consider home....
8/7/2020 9:25 AM 0.29 M M M M Sunny blue sky with soft white clouds, grey clouds and DBOP on the western horizon .
8/8/2020 10:30 AM T M M M M A late reading. Damp grass, overcast sky, the great debate between zero and trace... Still eating my fill of blueberries off the bush after reading the gauge each morning. The pink lemonade blueberries continue to do well after their slow start.
8/9/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Wet grass, not a cloud is in the sky, the sky deep blue without polarizing sunglasses. As usual, haze and DBOP in the west
8/10/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M damp grass, clear sunny sky, a sweet, translucent appearing half moon hovering shyly between the tree tops, DBOP in the west.
8/11/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, blue sky covered with gauzy linear clouds moving gently SW to NE, very broad and impressive DBOP. Two low slug count nights in a row.
8/12/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M damp grass, overcast sky
8/13/2020 7:20 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, cloudless sky overhead, haze and DBOP in the west
8/14/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M slightly damp grass, clear sky overhead, haze and impressive DBOP in the west
8/15/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Barely damp grass, clear sunny sky, haze and big DBOP in the west
8/16/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry grass, clear sky overhead, the smell of smoke, haze and DBOP to the west. A truly dirty sunset last night. The Gorge fire is getting under better control, but wind in the treetops with oven-like heat still makes my heart race with visions of the Eagle Creek fire.
8/17/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry grass, cloudless sky, haze and a very big DBOP in the west. Yesterday afternoon the light got dim, as clouds/smoke/ smog? covered the sky. At one point perhaps ten small raindrops fell. Sunset had the special beauty often occurring with polluted skies. Tonight's sunset in contrast was simply dirty, a wide band of dirty black mixing with the smoldering red. A sunset out of Tolkien.....
8/18/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Dry grass. I would say mist to the ground, but it did not feel moist. Can there be smog to the ground? Or smoke from the fires, but the fires are under better control. And it lifted, as the day went on. Does smog lift? A dry mist morning, lifting to reveal a big, ugly DBOP over the City of Roses. After a few remarkably low count slug nights, the slugs are back in force. For a couple days I thought my slug removal to almost a mile away was working. In other words, that there are a finite number of slugs. Now I know their numbers are, as I always suspected, infinite.
8/19/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M I was stunned. Actually a trace of water in the gauge. The grass was wet too. A clear sunny sky, and the haze and DBOP in the west no better, but a trace of moisture. The west is on fire again; any moisture is a cause of celebration. It brought out even more of the infinite slug population.
8/20/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M almost imperceptibly damp grass, blue sky with a gauzy white overly, clouds and DBOP in the west.
8/21/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Dry grass, cloudy sky. A short while after reading the gauge, light rain briefly fell, enough to wet leaves and patio rock, but not soak into the ground. I was up much of the night poring over fire maps and praying for rain; many family members and close friends are threatened by the California fires. It feels as if the west is burning up. We need our trees, our forests, to mitigate climate change, as climate change progressively fuels their destruction. Friends caring for their elderly relatives at home are facing possible evacuation in the time of corona. None feel they could make the long drive up here. Rain, rain, how I have always loved rain; maybe all those sun-loving folks who lament the rainy Oregon weather will finally appreciate live giving life protecting rain.
8/22/2020 9:00 AM 0.39 M M M M Rain, beautiful rain, not enough, not for long enough, but so welcome. I wish I could have sent it to California. Today a blue sunny sky with soft white clouds. As the day progresses, they transform into classic puffy whites, the kind for lying on your back in the grass with a grandchild and pointing out to each other the dragon, the old man sleeping, the winged cat. And, reminding you to pull out NIMBY for one of the bedtime books.
8/23/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M clear sunny sky overhead, haze and broad DBOP in the west. NOAA says we are back to hot and dry.....Hope I remember to refill the ET tonight. I should not be the only ET in Oregon---- where are you Glen?
8/24/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M wet grass, clear sunny sky, big DBOP. That trace was welcome.
8/25/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M smallest trace I have ever called race. Wet grass, blue sky with white clouds, cloud bank in the west
8/26/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M a nice substantial trace this time. Wet grass, pale blue sky overhead, a grey cloud bank on the western horizon
8/27/2020 9:00 AM T M M M M wet grass, clear sunny sky, DBOP. Another minuscule trace; worry I may be committing the crime of calling dew trace. Too dry in the west, too wet in Louisiana. The apocalypse may be weather related, thanks to climate change.
8/28/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M wet grass, clear sky, dark cloud bank and DBOP western horizon
8/29/2020 9:25 AM 0.02 M M M M A wet world, mist in the treetops, fine misty rain in the air. In spite of such a wet world, the only drink the thirsty trees will have is through their needles and leaves, with gratitude I am sure. The slugs are celebrating the touch of rain, staying up past their dawn bedtimes.
8/30/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Dry grass, overcast sky, subdued light. Sunny later on.
8/31/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M wet stone, wet grass, dry dirt. Fine moisture in the air, overcast sky. The trees and other growing things will need to sip through their needles and leaves again. The slugs are frolicking in the morning damp again.
9/1/2020 6:45 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, clear sky, DBOP.
9/2/2020 10:20 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Wet grass. clear sunny sky, DBOP. Mulberries still coming; blueberries almost done. Asian pear tree have some golden pears, but they don't quite come off easily enough in my hand yet.
9/3/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M wet grass, sunny blue sky, milder DBOP. Ate my first asian pear from the tree that is not suffering.
9/4/2020 7:15 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Barely damp grass, clear sunny sky, modest DBOP
9/5/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Dry grass, overcast smokey sky--NOAA says smoke is from Siberian wildfires. Sunny by late afternoon.
9/6/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Wet grass, thank goodness, clear sunny sky, big DBOP. No rain predicted for next week. High wind predicted for Labor Day night, high fire risk. My big beautiful stream is already as low as it should go.....
9/7/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, deep blue clear sunny sky, DBOP. Later it is hazy and dim and smells of smoke, bad enough to give me asthma. Friends and neighbors preparing and packing up a few things in case of evacuation, fire risk so high, winds predicted so high. Still with target practice going on to my north
9/8/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry grass, clear blue sky later dirty brown yellow, wind, wind wind, DBOP. Too dangerous to go into the trees. a big cottonwood took out sections of fence and bent a gate; neighbors helped get it out of the way with tractor and adding their chainsaws to mine, for the fence guy to come tomorrow
9/9/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry grass, clear and blue overhead, DBOP. A lovely little half moon cruising above the trees again. The sky changed to yellow-brown in the evening. Now, at night, thick and hard to breathe. Many broken trees, not that many whole trees down as far as I got today. It was so windy and so many branches on the trail that I turned back for safety's sake. The fence guy fixed the tree damaged fence, and I think brutally overcharged me. I forgot to write down the ET reading, and though I think I remember it, I am not sure enough to put it in today. The governor said all Oregonians should be prepared to evacuate. The whole state is on fire. Rain, rain, pray for rain.
9/10/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Bone dry grass, cottonwoods and big leaf maple are the trees broken off or completely down, sky starts out blue with gauzy white overhead, with yellowish darker sky to west. A family that lost their home to fire may come stay. They are hesitating. I hope they understand they are completely welcome.
9/11/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M bone dry still, poor visibility due to smoke. The evacuating familyI had upstairs and their two dogs and three cats left to head east out of Oregon. They cleaned the flammable debris from my roof before leaving. Oregon has the worst air quality in the country right now, per our governor. They want to be able to breathe. Still not told to evacuate here. Another kind offer from a highschool friend in Sequim to come there, but hard with two dogs and a cat.
9/12/2020 11:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M bone dry grass and dirt, thick air. If this were mist, instead of dirty brown-yellow smoke, it would be mysterious and lovely, instead of looking like the end. Rain predicted by Monday night, fire has not gotten much closer, hoping in hang in without having to leave, so much luckier so far than others. Small fires caught up here by local neighbors before they spread, set with fireworks by arsonists. So much of this area out of sight from others, way too easy for the next attempt to burn this area down not to be spotted until too late..
9/13/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Damp grass. Air thick. AQI 568 per purple air. I was wondering about the round moon, hanging above treetops to the east, thinking wrong place, not full so should not be round, and realized the air is so thick I was looking directly at the sun.... If the air gets worse, or persists this bad, I imagine the whole population of Oregon perishing, or all who do not have air purifiers and an intact home. I wore a 3M mask gift from the neighbors to bed last night. Keeping dogs and cats locked in. Was a climate change denier oil guy really appointed to NOAA? Can't anybody do something about that?
9/14/2020 10:30 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M dry grass, thick air, AQI in mid 400s now, lowest in days
9/15/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/16/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M grass bone dry, air not as thick, but AQI was still over 500 per purple air.
9/17/2020 10:30 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M damp grass, smoke. I am entering this at night, still waiting for the promised rain
9/18/2020 8:15 AM 0.05 M M M M crash after crash, flash after flash, beginning at 4 AM. NO rain. I watched for fires. Finally about 7:30 rain began to fall. Unfortunately not for long. There was another .14 when I checked at 11. Visibility is still poor, hoping some or most is mist not smoke, but it is a bit dirty, and smells smokey. Still grateful for this rain, hoping for more. I may finally get down to the fast part of the stream to see whether the beloved great cedar and fir made it through the windstorm. The great trees at the slow part of the stream did survive.A shorter hike; I went down in a half face respirator a few days ago. Trees are down everywhere, but could have been worse. Much trail clearing to do when and if the fire danger is less and we can breathe again.
9/19/2020 10:45 AM 0.29 M M M M My special little weather spot, often with significantly more rain than close-by stations, seemed to be behaving in the opposite way with the strange effects of smoke on weather. Less rain than nearby, less air cleaning. Yesterday evening the air was breathable like air for the first time. Today not quite as good, still coughing, but no longer so thick you can take a bite out of it. No longer settling records around the world for unbreathable air. Not enough rain in the forecasts, but still hopeful that the somewhat quieted fires will not force more evacuations, take out more forests and more homes, and the air will not go back to unbreathable. It was safe enough at last to go down my other main trail to the stream, first the wind then the smoke preventing it until yesterday. A long and difficult hike, so many trees down across the trails, masses of tangled branches and big trunks. My most beloved great trees at the stream still standing tall and strong, such joy. It could be so much worse.
9/20/2020 9:25 AM 0.03 M M M M wet, even if not wet enough, breathable air, soft white sky breaking up to show blue, not yellow or brown or dark grey, once again blue and white, hopefully will last. Riverside fire 20% contained. The errant winds of course have the choice of many fires from which to bring us smoke. We do not know yet how much of the beautiful old growth at Opal Creek survives, but they found the remains of the environmentalist who saved the trees, George Atiyeh, on his burned property.
9/21/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wet grass, blue and white cobblestone sky, pleasant breeze from the SW. These lovely conditions did not last; air progressively smokey as the day progressed. No worse than Beijing, just the red and orange zones, not off the charts. Rain needed.
9/22/2020 9:25 AM 0.04 M M M M overcast transitioning to pale blue sky and puffy whites, slowly drifting NE. Air is clean, so lovely to inhale
9/23/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Dry grass, overcast sky, an occasional drop of moisture, coughing air again, not bad AQI only 50s, but spoiled after a day of green readings
9/24/2020 8:50 AM 1.29 M M M M Real rain, clean air, pale blue sky brushed with gauzy white, moving from the southwest to northeast
9/25/2020 9:25 AM 0.49 M M M M raining. I was curious to see, when the power went back on today, whether I had input yesterday's reading before it went out. I did not. The dogs and I went down to the fast part of the stream, only the second time since disaster struck the PNW. It takes so long now with all the downed trees. With all the rain I expected a thundering and raging stream, but it is still low.
9/26/2020 8:10 AM 0.29 M M M M overcast. The rain has been good, and removed for this week at least the threat of the raging fires. I wish we could share more of our rain where it is needed most. The asian pear crop is fairly small this year, but with more than usual of the huge, super delicious ones. They have been raining to the ground from higher than I can pick, and massive slugs seem to immediately rain down upon them. The slugs have similar tastes to us it appears, because they ignore the smaller ones in favor of the biggest, sweetest, tangiest. I am eating them as fast as I can, cutting off the slug caves. There are more than i can eat, soI am trying to find slug untouched ones to give the neighbors....
9/27/2020 9:25 AM 0.10 M M M M sunny blue sky, a few white clouds in the west, there does seem to be a DBOP in spite of the cleansing rain
9/28/2020 9:25 AM T M M M M Wet grass, not a cloud in the sunny blue sky, mild DBOP
9/29/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M wettish grass, clear sunny sky overhead, haze and DBOP west
9/30/2020 9:25 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Wet grass, dirty blue sky, haze and broad DBOP



Start Date End Date & Time Duration in Days Precipitation Snow Depth Snow Depth SWE Notes
12/23/2019 12/28/2019 9:25 AM 6 0.65 M M A lovely blue and white sky. Cloud bank over Portland, and yes, though the clouds make it harder to tell, I think there is a DBOP. DBOP notwithstanding, it is so good to be back to the trees, the dogs and cats.
1/18/2020 1/21/2020 9:15 AM 4 0.89 0.0 M overcast. Good to be home. Sad that it is raining on the snow at Teacup now. Finally enough snow, then rain to wash it away.
2/22/2020 2/24/2020 9:25 AM 3 0.33 M M overcast, mist in the canyon. good to be back.
5/23/2020 5/25/2020 10:15 AM 3 0.24 M M not raining now. Grass grew and tomatoes didn't while I was gone.
6/12/2020 6/13/2020 8:45 AM 2 0.41 M M raining lightly



Observation Date Observation Time Notes Largest Stone Size Average Stone Size Smallest Stone Size Stone Consistency Duration Minutes Durration Accuracy Damage Timing More Rain than Hail Hail Started Largest Hail Started Angle of Impact Number of Stones on Pad Distance Between Stones on Pad Depth of Stones on Ground